金沙江流域水库消落带优势植物生态位及种间关系

近年来水库消落带植被恢复愈发引起关注,消落带植被在固岸护坡、水土保持和截污过滤等方面发挥着重要作用。然而金沙江流域作为我国最大的水电基地,由于地处偏远,现有研究较少,因而对其水库消落带适生植物及其种间关系尚未明确。通过结合生态位理论和种间关系分析方法,包括生态位测定、方差比率法、χ²检验、联结强度系数AC、种间关联指数OI、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验等,揭示金沙江水库消落带优势植物的生态适应性、种间内在联系以及群落演替现状,并在此基础上,将优势植物划分了3种生态种组,为本区域消落带适生植物的筛选及其科学配置提供参考。结果表明：1)金沙江流域水库消落带共记录植物19科36属37种,频度≥20%的优势物种为狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)、酸模叶蓼(Polygonum lapathifolium)、钻叶紫菀(Symphyotrichum subulatum)、牛筋草(Eleusine indica)、莲子草(Alternanthera sessilis)、苘麻(Abutilon theophrasti)、土荆芥(Chenopodium...     

江苏省无资料山丘区洛阳河流域径流模拟方法探讨

近年来,无资料或资料缺乏地区汇流计算成为水文研究热点。基于地形参数的地貌瞬时单位线(GIUH)方法凭借其对历史降雨径流实测资料的不依赖性,已然成为径流模拟研究中被普遍采用且效果较好的方法之一。为探讨江苏省无资料山丘区的径流模拟方法,选取具有典型地形地貌特征的镇江通胜洛阳河小流域展开研究。根据地貌特征值等数据提取出该流域的地貌单位线,采用地貌单位线计算径流过程,利用2016、2017年汛期实测的4场洪水进行方法验证,将计算径流与实测数据进行对比分析,结果表明:基于地貌特征的地貌单位线法在该流域洪水模拟中具有较高精度,又因该流域于江苏省乃代表性区域,初步判定可将该方法推广至其他无资料山丘区流域。     

Phosphorus storage,transport and export dynamics in the Foron River watershed

Phosphorus (P) export from the Foron River watershed was intensively monitored. Water was analysed for total P, soluble total P, soluble orthophosphate and suspended solids. Watershed soils and river sediments were sampled and the size fraction <0·2 mm analysed for total P, water extractable P, bioavailable P, 1 minute exchangeable P and P fixation capacity. Interstitial waters were analysed for soluble total P. Four hydrological conditions recurred, two during low river flows and two during increased flow. The first occurs in dry weather with a constant or decreasing flow over at least seven days and when there is no surface runoff. Exported phosphorus, predominately soluble and bioavailable, is from point sources. Phosphorus inputs exceed P export so P accumulates in the river. The second condition occurs when a small storm flow increases the average seven-day flow to exceed the preceding weekly average. Phosphorus export exceeds P inputs and originates from urban runoff, point sources and release of P stored in the river. Exported P is largely particulate but highly bioavailable. The third condition is when substantial runoff follows at least a seven-day period of constant or decreasing flow. Phosphorus export is from diffuse urban runoff. All the P stored is exported. Exported P is highly bioavailable. High concentrations and fluxes of P export are often seen. The fourth condition happens when the soils are wet and increased flow is from both urban and agricultural runoff. Phosphorus export from diffuse agricultural runoff predominates and is largely not bioavailable. Phosphorus concentrations are low but export fluxes are high when flows are high. These hydrological conditions, when integrated with concepts of mass balance define a phosphorus export typology comprising four regimes. These regimes explain total phosphorus (TP) storage, transport and export patterns, changes in P speciation and allow identification of probable sources of TP in the Foron river watershed. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

敦煌西土沟沙漠洪水资源开发利用模式及成效分析

收集研究区域内雨量站历年降水量资料,水文站历年径流系列资料以及历年最大洪峰流量、洪水总量成果资料及西土沟敦煌沙漠水文实验研究站实测水文资料,调查该区域内洪水沟道的历史最大洪水。用水文学原理和方法对洪峰流量和洪水总量变化规律进行统计分析,结合敦煌西土沟流域灾害综合治理工程实施情况估算区域水资源可利用量,提出沙漠洪水资源开发利用新模式。结果表明:西土沟流域洪水灾害综合治理工程的实施探索出导流+分洪+工程防护的洪水资源开发利用模式、拦蓄洪水产生地下径流利用模式和沙漠冷水虹鳟鱼养殖到葡萄种植的区域水资源重复利用模式;有效遏制了研究区内沙漠的进一步推进并可显著增加流域内可利用水资源量,实现了区域生态治理与经济发展的良性循环。     

内蒙古自治区大型金矿地球化学标志与预测

利用1:20万区域化探扫面数据和中蒙边界1:100万地球化学填图数据编制了内蒙古自治区1:100万金地球化学图, 发现内蒙古已知大型金矿与地球化学异常具有良好的对应关系。以内蒙古四个典型大型金矿为例, 建立了1:100万尺度大型金矿地球化学预测指标: (1)异常具有3层套合结构, 即局部异常被区域异常所包裹, 区域异常被地球化学省所包裹; (2)异常面积通常大于1 000 km2; (3)地球化学块体的异常衬度大于2.2; (4)常伴生有Ag、As、Sb、Bi等元素的异常; (5)异常区或周边常具有区域性深大断裂及其次级断裂等构造; (6)异常区或周边一般发育有火成岩。根据建立的大型金矿预测指标, 圈定了大型金矿集区14个, 为下一步在内蒙古选择重点地区开展大型金矿勘查提供了远景区。     

Application of SCS model in estimation of runoff from small watershed in Loess Plateau of China

Soil Conservation Service （SCS） model, developed by U. S. Soil Conservation Service in 1972, has been widely applied in the estimation of runoff from an small watershed. In this paper, based on the remote sensing geo-information data of land use and soil classification all obtained from Landsat images in 1996 and 1997 and conventional data of hydrology and meteorology, the SCS model was investigated for simulating the surface runoff for single rainstorm in Wangdonggou watershed, a typical small watershed in the Loess Plateau, located in Changwu County of Shaanxi Province of China. Wangdonggou watershed was compartmentalized into 28 sub-units according to natural draining division, and the table of curve number （CN） values fitting for Wangdonggou watershed was also presented. During the flood period from 1996 to 1997, the hydrograph of calculated runoff process using the SCS model and the hydrograph of observed runoff process coincided very well in height as well as shape, and the model was of high precision above 75%. It is indicated that the SCS model is legitimate and can be successfully used to simulate the runoff generation and the runoff process of typical small watershed based on the remote sensing geo-information in the Loess Plateau.     

基于空间句法耦合SLEUTH模型的新老城区扩展模拟研究——以开封市为例

在快速城镇化背景下,历史文化名城常扩建新区并形成新老城区联动发展格局,新建城区以"飞地"形式扩张,不易被传统的元胞自动机方法准确模拟.空间句法是基于空间拓扑的整体性交通网络研究方法,其自上而下的建模策略与元胞自动机自下而上的邻域转换规则起到了互补,两种模型相结合提供了解决上述问题的途径.本文在验证交通土地空间关联的基础...     

A paleolimnological record of anthropogenic disturbances at Holmes Lake,Adirondack Mountains,New York

Holmes Lake, Adirondack Mountains, New York, is a clear-water acidic lake that was treated with lime in 1983 to permit stocking of trout. Diatom assemblages in dated sediments reflect three anthropogenic modifications of the lake ecosystem: 1) assemblages from the mid- and late 1800's are associated with historical and sedimentary records of forest clearance, and indicate slightly increased pH; 2) acidobiontic species increase in sediments from the mid-1900's, a period of local reforestation and regionally increasing anthropogenic acid loading; 3) liming caused large increases of circumneutral periphytic species in the first growing season, and decreases of acidobiontic species by the second.     

Incorporating variable source area hydrology into a curve-number-based watershed model

Many water quality models use some form of the curve number (CN) equation developed by the Soil Conservation Service (SCS; U.S. Depart of Agriculture) to predict storm runoff from watersheds based on an infiltration-excess response to rainfall. However, in humid, well-vegetated areas with shallow soils, such as in the northeastern USA, the predominant runoff generating mechanism is saturation-excess on variable source areas (VSAs). We reconceptualized the SCS–CN equation for VSAs, and incorporated it into the General Watershed Loading Function (GWLF) model. The new version of GWLF, named the Variable Source Loading Function (VSLF) model, simulates the watershed runoff response to rainfall using the standard SCS–CN equation, but spatially distributes the runoff response according to a soil wetness index. We spatially validated VSLF runoff predictions and compared VSLF to GWLF for a subwatershed of the New York City Water Supply System. The spatial distribution of runoff from VSLF is more physically realistic than the estimates from GWLF. This has important consequences for water quality modeling, and for the use of models to evaluate and guide watershed management, because correctly predicting the coincidence of runoff generation and pollutant sources is critical to simulating non-point source (NPS) pollution transported by runoff. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.