生态系统服务消耗：概念框架与中国西部案例

由于人为因素和自然因素的共同作用,全球生态系统正经历着巨大的变化。而这些驱动因素中,只有人为因素可进行调控。本文以人类对生态系统服务的消耗为着眼点,分析人类在获取舒适生活的过程中与生态系统形成的相互作用。研究从回顾生态系统服务消耗研究入手,建立了将生态系统服务、生态系统服务消耗和生态系统管理三者相联系的概念框架,并构建了生态系统服务消耗研究模型。同时,进一步以中国泾河流域为案例,对模型在生态系统服务直接消耗模式研究中的应用进行了实证研究和探讨。     

滠水河流域经济环境协调发展系统动力学模拟

从系统分析的视角出发,根据滠水河流域的自然与社会经济特点,构建经济环境协调发展系统动力学模型,模型主要参数包括人口、GDP、城市化水平、产业结构、水资源可利用量、水环境容量等。通过模型正负反馈环进行因果关系分析,考虑人口、资源、环境与经济之间的互动与制约关系,进行子系统划分,并确定人口平均增长率、服务业废水率、工业废水率以及水土流失率为敏感性因素,以敏感因素为核心,设计3种不同情景,得出经济、环境协调发展情景为最优方案。通过对不同发展情景的分析与比较,提出滠水河流域有必要采取措施控制人口增长,促进经济发展,保护生态环境,实现该流域经济与环境协调发展。     

地理经纬双向过渡带和复杂地形下气候的过渡性和特异性 ——以宜昌市为例

宜昌处在我国地形第二、第三级阶梯的过渡地带,又位于我国南北过渡带秦巴山地南麓的中低纬度过渡带,长江中上游结合部,山地河谷平原并存,地形复杂,垂直高差大。气候资料分析和文献调研表明,宜昌天气气候因特殊地理环境具有过渡性和特异性：（1）年平均气温主要随地形高度递减,年总降水量主要随纬度升高减小。（2）年暴雨日数、连阴雨天数,在中西部随纬度升高而递减,等值线近似纬向排列;东部随地形升高而递增,等值线近似经向排列。（3）山地平原过渡带地形的阻挡滞留、辐合抬升等对极端短时强降水有明显加强作用,这种作用在秦岭与黄淮过渡带、太行山与华北平原过渡带有相似的天气气候效应。（4）宜昌位于江淮梅雨的西界、华西秋雨的东界,具有天气气候“分水岭”特征。（5）宜昌是暴雨雨团、西南涡移动的主要通道之一。     

Gold contents of both mantle-derived xenoliths and sulfides in them from eastern China

The gold contents of 59 samples of mantle-derived xenoliths, along with 85 samples of sulfide assem-blages in them, of Cenozoic basalt from eight districts in eastern China are analyzed. The gold contents of mantle xenoliths usually fall in the range of 10-9―10-8, whereas those of the sulfide assemblages fall in the range of 10-4―10-2. This implies that the latter are several hundred thousand times higher than the former, and thus that Au in the mantle is concentrated mostly in sulfide assemblages. Gold con-tents of both mantle-derived xenoliths and sulfide assemblages in them are inhomogeneous spatially, but their distribution rules are similar. Except the samples from Hainan Province, either the mantle xenoliths with high gold content or sulfide assemblages of the mantle-derived xenoliths with high gold content are distributed mostly on the north and south margins of the North China platform (Hannuoba of Hebei Province and Linqu, Changle of Shandong Province), corresponding to districts with concen-trated gold deposits in northwest Hebei Province and Jiaodong Peninsula of Shandong Province. This may reflect the correlativity in age, nature and composition between the continental crust and the un-derlying lithospheric mantle. The underlying lithospheric mantle of the North China platform is an an-cient gold-rich lithospheric mantle. The gold-rich lithospheric mantle may be the material source of later activation, enrichment, transportation and mineralization of gold by auriferous CO2 mantle fluids.     

汾河水库以上流域径流变化与洪水频率分析

根据1970—2004年的实测水文资料,采用水文学及统计方法分析了汾河水库控制流域的径流量变化及其原因,同时还计算了不同重现期的控制站的洪峰设计值。结果表明,入库控制站静乐和上静游站丰、平和枯水水平年不同步,在20世纪70和80年代发生丰水和平水年份比较多,在90年代后枯水年份比较多,多干旱年份。水库控制流域洪水主要集中在7月、8月,同时极端洪涝和干旱事件出现的频次增多。以静乐站为代表分析降水对径流变化的结果表明,高强度降水在量级和次数上存在波动变化的态势,年径流的时序变化主要是受年降水量的变化影响。     

Spatial analysis of instream nitrogen loads and factors controlling nitrogen delivery to streams in the southeastern United States using spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) and regional classification frameworks

Understanding how nitrogen transport across the landscape varies with landscape characteristics is important for developing sound nitrogen management policies. We used a spatially referenced regression analysis (SPARROW) to examine landscape characteristics influencing delivery of nitrogen from sources in a watershed to stream channels. Modelled landscape delivery ratio varies widely (by a factor of 4) among watersheds in the southeastern United States—higher in the western part (Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi) than in the eastern part, and the average value for the region is lower compared to other parts of the nation. When we model landscape delivery ratio as a continuous function of local‐scale landscape characteristics, we estimate a spatial pattern that varies as a function of soil and climate characteristics but exhibits spatial structure in residuals (observed load minus predicted load). The spatial pattern of modelled landscape delivery ratio and the spatial pattern of residuals coincide spatially with Level III ecoregions and also with hydrologic landscape regions. Subsequent incorporation into the model of these frameworks as regional scale variables improves estimation of landscape delivery ratio, evidenced by reduced spatial bias in residuals, and suggests that cross‐scale processes affect nitrogen attenuation on the landscape. The model‐fitted coefficient values are logically consistent with the hypothesis that broad‐scale classifications of hydrologic response help to explain differential rates of nitrogen attenuation, controlling for local‐scale landscape characteristics. Negative model coefficients for hydrologic landscape regions where the primary flow path is shallow ground water suggest that a lower fraction of nitrogen mass will be delivered to streams; this relation is reversed for regions where the primary flow path is overland flow. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

汀江流域畜禽粪便污染负荷及其环境影响

从汀江流域畜禽养殖业现状分析入手,依据排泄系数法原理,估算流域各县市的作物所需畜禽粪尿肥的最大量、畜禽污染物产生量和农田畜禽粪便负荷量,并对畜禽养殖影响水环境进行分析.从调查中分析中可知,流域集约化养殖场大多分布于中上游的长汀河、旧县河和汀江干流段,地理分布过于集中,局部地区环境风险较大.结果表明,畜禽粪便环境承载量较大的河流依次为:长汀河、濯田河、旧县河、黄潭河、汀江干流、永定河、桃溪河,整个流域的畜禽污染已对环境产生风险,尤其是长汀河、旧县河流域尤为突出.     

经济危机背景下对我国专业化产业区的反思——重温意大利式产业区的价值

在该文中,产业区是指从事同一生产过程不同阶段的生产和服务活动的专业化的中小企业组成特色的地方系统.在过去的10年中,我国专业化产业区和意大利式产业区的相似性已经被广泛关注.但是,我国的大量产业区因其非创新性的大批量制造而难以走出"低端道路"的困局,遭受经济危机的冲击.该文重温了意大利产业区模式.以新的视角探讨其核心价值,指出产业社区的文化根基以及持续创新的工业设计是其发展的动力源泉.在危机影响下变化的市场环境中,将大规模定制的生产模式引入产业区研究,并通过对比我国产业区与意大利式产业区,提出以设计为中心、加强技术创新与服务创新的产业区发展战略.