信息化测绘发展过程中需要探讨的几个问题

随着信息社会的到来,测绘也将进入信息化测绘阶段。在这个转型时期,政府测绘部门既拥有了顺应时代要求新的发展机遇,同时传统的测绘管理体制技术体系将面临重大挑战。本文通过分析信息化社会特点,探讨了目前政府测绘部门在向信息化测绘发展方面需要面对和解决的几个主要问题。     

From open access to co-governance and conservation: The case of women shellfish collectors in Galicia (Spain)

Improving governability is an important objective in many fisheries and coastal areas. However, it may be difficult to modify the factors influencing this. Specifically, enhancing the capacity of user groups and civil society to cope with the tasks involved in co-governance situations may constitute a challenge, although the advantages in factors such as legitimacy and adaptability to local situations may reward the efforts. This paper attempts to analyze the process of transformation of on-foot shellfish gathering in Galicia, an activity that has traditionally been developed mainly by women in a regime similar to an open access regime. However, in recent decades this situation has changed, and nowadays many areas where this activity flourishes are in a situation of active co-governance, with a type of license system. Shellfisher organizations plan and control the exploitation with the support of the government, even using seeding techniques to regenerate areas that were previously degraded. Over the last decade, they have avoided overexploitation and have managed the marketing of the shellfish much better than ever before. We emphasize in the article that the role of the administration in this process has been decisive, investing in training and improving the organizations and the social dimension of the activity through different strategies. The empowerment of women has been an essential element in this process, which has also enhanced social valuation of the activity. This case may exemplify the possibilities open for progress in potential co-governing situations.     

馆陶县节水型社会建设的实践与探索

水资源紧缺及水环境污染已成为我国社会经济与城市建设可持续发展的重要制约因素。只有对有限的水资源进行合理配置,采取各种措施促进节水型社会的建设,才能为经济和社会发展提供有力的保障。从馆陶县面临的水资源紧缺形势和日趋严重的水环境问题出发,阐述了建设节水型社会的必要性,并针对馆陶县节水型社会建设现状和存在问题,从管理制度建设、深化和扩大节水试点建设、建立投融资长效机制、加强组织结构建设、水利信息化建设、加大宣传力度和提高公众参与程度等方面详细论述了馆陶县建设节水型社会的主要实践和探索,以期为本地和其他类似地方节水型社会建设提供一定的参考和借鉴。     

《吉林省地图集》中节约型社会建设专题图的表示方法

专题图由于能够直观、准确、形象地反映出有关专业数据信息而受到越来越多行业的欢迎.<节约型社会建设>专题图是<吉林省地图集>中图幅之一,该图在地理底图基础上把资源综合利用;循环经济发展布局;循环经济发展重点、目标;节能减排的主要目标、行业目标;"十一五"资源综合利用主要目标等用图、表的形式编制成图,使其成为社会公共资源并...     

地球科学与社会：全球综述

如果人类要长期继续生存和繁荣，必需了解支持人类需求的地球和它的能力。地球科学的任务是认识地球，进行推断，从而达到规划人类社会的目的。推动地球活动的内因是其内部的对流作用，外因是太阳能，固体地球、水圈、大气圈与生物圈形成了全球循环系统。固体地球科学委员会注重的主要研究课题包括：１．地球内部动力学；２．岩石圈的形成和演化；３．大陆动力学；４．生物的多样性和灭绝；５．活动的行星：地质灾害；６．地质历史中的全球环境与变化；７．持续的能源与矿产资源；８．了解人类与地球的相互作用与运用这些知识于社会。人类社会是地球循环的一部分，它从地球中提取资源，把废料又送回地球内，它破坏地球的自然保护圈。对于全球的认识将可指导人类社会减少对地球的流体层与土壤这个保护圈的野蛮性破坏。因此，地球科学是社会的一个好的测试器。     

水地春小麦全生育期地膜覆盖节水增产效果初探

本文通过试验研究,初步肯定了全生育期地膜覆盖对水地春小麦的节水增产效果。初步看出其节水增产的机理为:地膜覆盖的增(地)温和保墒作用,增加了春小麦幼苗期的干物质积累和叶面积,促进了根系的生长发育;并使出苗提早,促进延长了穗分化,起到增粒作用;同时使千粒重也有所增加,从而达到增产;由于保墒作用及头水的推迟,减少了灌溉定额和灌溉次数及耗水量,因此具有明显的节水效果。通过对两年试验所建立的回归模型进行计算机选优,得出了节水、节种、增产的优化栽培措施组合为:头水叶龄4～4.5叶,二水时期为开花,全生育期灌水2次,灌溉定额155～200方/亩,播种23～32万粒/亩,施氮10公斤左右,氮磷比1∶0.5～0.7,但对地膜复盖技术还需继续研究,继续提高其经济效益,同时上列措施组合尚待进一步完善和经生产验证。     

国外城市可持续发展研究

城市作为人类活动的主要场所,从某种意义上讲,只有城市走上可持续发展之路,才会有全球的可持续发展。文章综述了国外城市可持续发展研究的主要内容,包括内涵、资源、环境、经济、社会和形态,以及综合评价,阐述了其对中国城市可持续发展的借鉴。     

HILLS AS RESOURCES AND RESISTANCES IN SYRACUSE,NEW YORK*

In an example of what William Freudenburg and his colleagues called the “conjoint construction” of nature and society, hills may represent either assets or liabilities for urban settlement, depending on the period and the activities involved. The relationships between terrain and land use in Syracuse, New York, since the late eighteenth century fall into three major eras. The initial phase, in which settlement largely shunned the lowlands, gave way in the 1820s to one in which canals and railroads stimulated development of the lowlands and in which most land uses, save those of the classic urban fringe, avoided the uplands. A new pattern appeared in the late nineteenth century with the arrival of the electric trolley and the automobile and with provision of a municipal water supply able to reach the city's high ground. Development since then has been consistent with Ernest Burgess's 1929 model of “the poor in the valleys, the well‐to‐do on the hillslopes, and the rich on the hilltops.”     

研究中国灾害的旷世名著--《中国重大自然灾害与社会图集》读图笔记

对《中国重大自然灾害与社会图集》进行了综合而深入地评述。认为该图集的出版标志我国灾害研究由自然科学与人文科学交叉对接、融会贯通,由单项跃升到了综合分析、系统集成的新阶段。图集内容非常丰富,图表数据与文字穿插衬托,设计精湛,达到了科学、技术与艺术的和谐境界。     

泥石流灾害对社会影响的度量分析

论述了泥石流灾害造成损失的度量．并从泥石流灾害本身、当地人口密度和经济发展水平、当地预测预报水平、防灾抗灾救灾和灾后重建能力四个方面分析了泥石流灾害对社会的影响及其度量。