有限灌溉对荒漠绿洲春玉米产量及产量性状的影响

对干旱环境下临泽荒漠绿洲春玉米进行了有限灌溉试验研究,旨在探究有限灌溉对绿洲玉米农田生产力的影响。结果表明,在所有处理中,全生育期灌水最少的处理MI1玉米籽粒产量比灌水量略高于它的处理MI2和灌水量较高的处理MI4增产25.7%和38.8%,但MI1与其他处理及对照间差异不显著。MI1处理全生育期灌水量最少,其产量不但未显著下降,反而高于灌水最多的对照CK。不同灌溉处理及对照间玉米穗粗、秃顶长、穗行数均不存在显著差异,但个别处理及对照间其他产量性状却存在差异,其中对照CK、处理MI5、MI1的穗长分别比处理MI4增加15.3%、13.6%和12.4%,对照CK和处理MI1、MI5的行粒数分别比MI4处理增加17.3%、13.9%和12.2%,对照CK的穗粒数分别比处理MI4、MI2和MI3增加19.3%、19.1%和14.5%,处理MI1的千粒重分别比MI4、MI5、CK增加26.9%、14.0%和14.0%。     

近50多年来澜沧江流域农业灌溉需水的时空变化

利用澜沧江流域云南境内8 个气象站1950s-2007 年的逐月气象数据,现状作物种植、农业耕作、田间水分管理等资料,应用Mann-Kendall 法和R/S 分析法,探索50 多年来流域区的干湿变化、农业灌溉定额转折变化趋势及分布规律。结果表明：年、季平均温度普遍地显著升高,降水量干季增加、湿季减少;大部分地区的参照作物腾发量ET0在年度及干、湿季都呈增加趋势,仅在流域中段大理、剑川、耿马的部分时段为减少,干湿指数大多数地区都是降低;水稻及农业综合灌溉需水定额从流域上游到下游逐渐呈减少、增-减并存到增加的趋势。气象因子、ET0、干湿指数、水稻灌溉及农业综合灌溉定额发生转折变异现象都集中在澜沧江中下段的耿马、思茅、景洪、勐腊等地,且时间系列的转折变异点在1960s-1990s 的各个时期均有出现。水稻灌溉定额随纬度方向变化的相关系数为0.513,随海拔高程变化为0.610,最高值出现在维西,最低值为勐腊;农业综合灌溉定额受作物种植结构和水稻种植面积的影响较大,二者相关系数达到0.826,但其与纬度、海拔的变化规律不明显,最高值在大理,最低值在维西。灌溉定额在小范围内的多样性变化,表明在纵向岭谷特殊环境对地表水汽输送、气温和气流场分布等的“通道-阻隔”作用下,澜沧江河谷农业灌溉需水量时空变化的复杂性。     

The role of long‐term human impact on avulsion and fan development

This study aims to understand (mainly qualitatively) the long‐term role of human impact on avulsion processes and the development of fluvial (mega‐) fans in semi‐arid environments. In this paper we refer to human impact as the direct influences of actions on the river's hydraulics (i.e. flow regulation, flow diversion and channel engineering). In five case‐studies drawn from the Khuzestan plains in southwest Iran we have analysed the setup and triggering conditions of specific avulsions that occurred in the past (timescale of millennia) and identified the role of human interference in their causation. Our analysis is based on the integration of historical, archaeological, geomorphological and geological data. Through this study we demonstrate that avulsions in the Khuzestan plains are the result of long‐term and complex interplay between multiple human‐induced and natural causes. In similar ways human‐induced actions may play important roles during different phases of avulsion development. The ‘success‘ of an avulsion in the post‐triggering phase may be defined by human‐induced setup causes as well as morphodynamic processes. We suggest that present‐day flood events may be partly inherited from long‐term human alterations of the natural processes. These finding could have implications for any fluvial system (e.g. distributive fluvial systems, deltas) where avulsion plays a major role in their development and research tends to emphasize on natural mechanisms. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Allocating agricultural production factors: A scenario-based modeling of wheat production in Shandong Province,China

We aim to determine the effects of agricultural factors input per hectare on wheat production, and to optimize the allocation of wheat production factors under three scenarios and in different operating modes. Data were collected from 204 farming households using a face-to-face questionnaire. The sampled farms were selected through a stratified random sampling technique. We find fertilizer cost, irrigation cost and machinery cost all positively and significantly affect the per-unit-area wheat production, indicating the labor cost is not the major driving factor on wheat yield increment. Multi-object optimization model is used to allocate the production factors per hectare. We find under the Business as usual (BAU) scenario, the irrigation cost per-hectare wheat production after optimization in 2014 grows at a rate of 24.31% and accounts for 14.9% of total input. Under the Cooperate Environmental Sustainability (CES) scenario, the fertilizer and pesticide costs after optimization drop significantly by 42.83% and 21.41%, respectively. Under the Rapid Benefit Growth (RBG) scenario, the irrigation cost after optimization increase by 2.56% and the fertilizer cost increases by 4.69% compared with the surveyed data. Comparison of optimized data among three operating modes shows that the labor costs at household farm and cooperative farm both increase significantly. Cooperative farms are more successful in production factor use efficiency and economic performance. In conclusion, wheat production at different operating modes could be improved so as to constitute more efficient and economic use of production factors.     

Estimation of irrigation return flow on monthly time resolution using SWAT model under limited data availability

ABSTRACT

This study is an assessment of the return flow ratio of an irrigation abstraction using the flow records of a downstream stream-gauging station, with the example of the Kozluk scheme irrigated by diverted water from Garzan Creek flowing through the southeastern region of Turkey. In the planning reports of the major dam projects of the region, an unverified return ratio was assumed in eliminating the influence of this irrigation on the flow measurements of Garzan Creek. The correctness of this assumed return ratio is evaluated by analysing the monthly streamflow measurements of the Besiri station through a Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model constructed with the coarse-scale topography, land use and soil data from open source databases. The results show the necessity of irrigation project-based return flow analyses using regional fine-scale datasets, instead of rule-of-thumb assumptions, to determine the effects of irrigation activities on flow regimes more accurately.     

Ancient dams,settlement archaeology and Buddhist propagation in central India: the hydrological background

Abstract

A group of ancient dams (c. second—first century BC) was located during an archaeological study of the Sanchi area in central India. Comparison of reservoir volumes with estimated inflows suggests that their design was based on hydrological understanding.     

Seasonal climate patterns and their influence on calibration of the Hargreaves-Samani equation

Abstract

Annual patterns in climate parameters were studied to evaluate how these influence the quality of reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimates obtained from the Hargreaves-Samani (HS) equation, since the method only uses the measured temperature directly. The work evaluates how these patterns can be used to improve the HS ETo estimates. Ten-year moving averages from a set of California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) stations were used to evaluate the relationships between solar radiation (R_s), temperature (T) and ETo. The results indicate that T treads behind solar radiation and its value peaks some 25 days later. Thus, the main irrigation season in the Mediterranean climate (1 May–30 September) can be divided into three phases: increasing R_s and T; decreasing R_s with increasing T; and decreasing R_s and T. Non-univocal annual cycles were observed between R_s and T, ETo and R_s, and ETo and T. These annual patterns result in important seasonal changes in the ratio between the HS and Penman-Monteith (FAO PM) ETo estimates. The changes are particularly important during the irrigation season, where the FAO PM initially calculates greater ETo values than the HS methodology, and from the end of May to early September, where the HS equation overestimates the ETo values (by 17 mm, or 3%). These patterns obtained from 2000–2009 data were used to calibrate and improve HS ETo estimates at new sites for the 2010–2011 period. Calibration based on the proposed seasonal region-wide FAO PM/HS ETo ratios improved both the bias (decreased from 0.40 to 0.36 mm d^-1) and r² (increased from 0.67 to 0.87) of the ETo estimates for the irrigation season. The proposed methodology can be easily applied to other regions, even when the existing weather stations are sparse.

Editor Z.W. Kundzewicz     

The impact of upstream water abstractions on reservoir yield: the case of the Orós Reservoir in Brazil

Abstract

Water abstraction for irrigation upstream of a reservoir and its impact on reservoir yield and reliability are studied. Water demand and availability are strongly related in semi-arid environments where the irrigation sector is responsible for a large part of consumptive water use. Variations in water abstractions for irrigation depend on irrigation requirements per hectare and the size of the irrigated area. The Orós Reservoir in semi-arid Northeast Brazil has been taken as a case study. The results show that water abstracttion for irrigation is of significant importance for reservoir yield and reliability. Yield—reliability simulations for the study area show that taking into account upstream water abstraction for a reservoir yield of 20.0 m³/s results in a water-scarcity probability of 10% on an annual basis (90% reliability). This is only 5% if up-stream abstraction for irrigation is ignored. This study shows that observed land-use changes in the study area do have a significant impact on reservoir yield reliability. The variability of upstream water abstraction was found to be of low importance for reservoir yield and reliability.     

Impacts of Irrigation and Vegetation Growth on Summer Rainfall in the Taklimakan Desert

In recent decades, a greening tendency due to increased vegetation has been noted around the Taklimakan Desert(TD), but the impact of such a change on the local hydrological cycle remains uncertain. Here, we investigate the response of the local hydrological cycle and atmospheric circulation to a green TD in summer using a pair of global climate model(Community Earth System Model version 1.2.1) simulations. With enough irrigation to support vegetation growth in the TD, the modeling suggests first, that significant increases in local precipitation are attributed to enhanced local recycling of water, and second, that there is a corresponding decrease of local surface temperatures. On the other hand, irrigation and vegetation growth in this low-lying desert have negligible impacts on the large-scale circulation and thus the moisture convergence for enhanced precipitation. It is also found that the green TD can only be sustained by a large amount of irrigation water supply since only about one-third of the deployed water can be "recycled " locally. Considering this,devising a way to encapsulate the irrigated water within the desert to ensure more efficient water recycling is key for maintaining a sustainable, greening TD.     

干旱区膜下滴灌棉田表层土壤盐分日内动态特征

利用便携式土壤盐分计测量膜下滴灌棉田不同位置和不同深度的土壤电导率,来研究膜下滴灌条件下表层土壤电导率的日内变化特征.结果显示:干旱区一膜两管膜下滴灌条件下,窄行处土壤电导率值最低,膜间最大,宽行居中,表层土壤电导率值存在显著的日内变化特征,早晚土壤电导率值低,中午电导率值高,上午的上升速率大于下午的下降速率;窄行处相对变化幅度大,膜间绝对变化幅度大,土壤电导率值日内变化幅度随深度呈减小趋势;膜下滴灌情况下,表层土壤电导率值的变化受土壤温度和气温的影响显著,但二者相关性复杂,不同深度、不同时间段的相关性不同,膜间大多呈显著正相关,窄行大多呈非显著正相关,宽行处上午呈非显著正相关,但下午呈显著负相关.