地表水中总有机碳含量测定的优化研究与应用

利用multi N/C3100型总有机碳/总氮分析仪直接测定环境水样中的总有机碳(total organic carbon,TOC)含量,简便快捷,但是能否完全去除无机碳,这对结果的准确性有一定影响。文章研究了不同吹扫时间对环境水样中TOC测定值的影响,对南京市湖泊水TOC含量进行连续6天测定。结果表明:吹扫时间为4 min时,无机碳去除完全,方法的检出限为0.05 mg/L,准确度及精密度均可满足日常生产需要。总有机碳分析仪直接测定环境水样中的总有机碳含量,简便快捷,灵敏度高,重复性好,准确可靠,适用于环境水样中总有机碳的日常测定。     

Predicting the dependency of a degree of saturation on void ratio and suction using effective stress principle for unsaturated soils

The paper presents an approach to predicting variation of a degree of saturation in unsaturated soils with void ratio and suction. The approach is based on the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils and several underlying assumptions. It focuses on the main drying and wetting processes and does not incorporate the effects of hydraulic hysteresis. It leads to the dependency of water retention curve (WRC) on void ratio, which does not require any material parameters apart from the parameters specifying WRC for the reference void ratio. Its validity is demonstrated by comparing predictions with the experimental data on four different soils taken over from the literature. Good correlation between the measured and predicted behaviour indirectly supports applicability of the effective stress principle for unsaturated soils. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of Column Diameter on Setting Behavior of Dredged Slurry in Sedimentation Experiments

This article investigates the influence of dimensions of a settling column on the settling mode and the settling rate. End conditions of the settling stage in the hindered settling were also analyzed. It was found that the settling mode in a column with a smaller diameter tends to be consolidation settling. The effect of a settling column wall decreases with increasing column diameter, and it can be ignored provided the column diameter is larger than 14.5 centimeters. For the difference in initial water content, the settling behavior of the slurry develops a different sensitivity to the diameter effect. The influence of column diameter reduces as the initial water content of the slurry becomes higher. It is suggested that the internal diameter of the column used in a sedimentation experiment should be 14.5 centimeters.     

山西省2017年农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算分析研究

以山西省172个样点灌区为研究区域,按照《全国农田灌溉水有效利用系数测算分析技术指导细则》测算方法及要求,测算样点灌区农田灌溉水有效利用系数,在此基础上,以全省灌区统计资料为权重,测算分析得出山西省2017年大、中、小和纯井灌区农田灌溉水利用系数分别为0.484 6、0.501 0、0.475 8和0.639 8,全省系数为0.538。通过对测算成果分析,认为测算结果真实反映了当年山西省灌区农田灌溉用水效率,相关成果对山西省灌区工程建设、用水管理和规划编制等有一定指导意义。     

水和水蒸气辅助粗晶三水铝石转化为勃姆石的机制研究

在165℃、175℃、185℃和195℃的温度条件下,对水热处理前和处理后的粗晶三水铝石样品分别进行了XRD分析和SEM表征,研究了粗晶三水铝石在水蒸气和热水中转变成勃姆石的相变过程。结果表明,水热条件下粗晶三水铝石转化成勃姆石的过程受控于溶解-再沉淀机制,而并非是通常认为的固体状态下的转变;相对于在热水中,水蒸气环境可以加速三水铝石向勃姆石的转化;所形成的勃姆石的粒径（4~7 μm）明显比前驱体三水铝石的粒径（120~200 μm）要小得多,表明可以利用粗晶三水铝石生产微晶勃姆石。在转化过程中,勃姆石微晶首先生长在三水铝石的晶体表面上,通过控制反应温度和反应时间,可形成壳层为勃姆石、壳下为三水铝石的具有双层结构的铝的氢氧化物颗粒,也有可能形成具有中空结构的勃姆石集合体颗粒。     

FLOW SEPARATION IN UNDISTURBED SOILS USING MULTIPLE ANIONIC TRACERS. PART 1. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND UNSTEADY RAINFALL AND RETURN FLOW EXPERIMENTS

Tracers provide one of the few ways of obtaining realistic information on the flows of water and solutes in undisturbed structured soils. Three fluorinated organic acids [pentafluorobenzoic acid, 2,6-diflurobenzoic acid and o-(trifluoromethyl) benzoic acid] and bromide were tested as anionic tracers in situations where the separation of different flow components is of interest. The fluorobenzoates were relatively conservative (approximately 90% for loam soil) although, in some instances, co-elution or complexation may lead to apparently non-conservative behaviour. Tracer mixtures applied to soils, were separated and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The relative mobilities of the tracers were studied during unidirectional steady flow in large undisturbed soil columns brought back to the laboratory. The breakthrough curves showed highly dispersive behaviour, with very early breakthrough of solute and a long tail. Contributions to the column outflow of different simultaneous applications of rainfall and return flow, labelled with different tracers, were separated using multicomponent mixing equations. The results show the importance of preferential flow and relatively immobile storage in the transport process.     

FLOW SEPARATION IN UNDISTURBED SOIL USING MULTIPLE ANIONIC TRACERS. PART 2. STEADY-STATE CORE-SCALE RAINFALL AND RETURN FLOWS AND DETERMINATION OF DISPERSION PARAMETERS

A series of experiments designed to study the separation of flow components from two large undisturbed cores under steady-state rainfall (downward) and return (upward) flows under near-saturated conditions is summarized. The experiments were conducted on soil columns collected from Lancaster University and the Slapton Wood catchment, Devon. The use of the relatively conservative tracers, potassium bromide, o-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid and 2,6-difluorobenzoic acid and a combination of application rates made it possible to quantify the different sources of water contributing to the discharge hydrographs. There is significant retention of tracer within the cores, despite the application of several pore volumes of water. The use of steady flow conditions allowed the determination of dispersion coefficients, dispersivity and proportion of ‘mobile’ water content parameters of the advection–dispersion equation. It was found that there were significant differences between the dispersivities at different flow-rates under upward and downward flux conditions and that in the undisturbed cores studied here the apparent proportions of mobile pore water ranged between 0.33 and 1.0, with an apparently complex relationship to flux rate. Prediction of transport in undisturbed soil remains problematic and tracer experiments will continue to be needed to provide a fundamental understanding of the complex flow processes involved.     

华北构造区强震短期水氡异常空间图像演化及其前兆判别标志的研究

开展了水氡前兆异常参数提取方法的研究, 并以其提取的结果为输入, 对1985～2002年华北水氡异常参数分布做了全时空扫描, 继而将全部图像与华北地区构造活动性评估的数字化图像进行了叠加, 实现了水氡异常动态扫描与区域构造活动性背景的结合。 在此基础上, 1985年以来华北地区5级以上地震前的水氡短期图像演化情况做了全面分析, 提取出判别异常区的指标以及地震短期异常演化特征, 并提出了华北地区强震前水氡短期前兆的判别标志。     

Migration and speciation transformation mechanisms of mercury in undercurrent zones of the Tongguan gold mining area,Shaanxi Loess Plateau and impact on the environment

In order to study the migration and transformation mechanism of Hg content and occurrence form in subsurface flow zone of gold mining area in Loess Plateau and its influence on water environment, the field in-situ infiltration test and laboratory test were carried out in three typical sections of river-side loess, alluvial and proluvial strata in Tongguan gold mining area of Shaanxi Province, and the following results were obtained: (1) The source of Hg in subsurface flow zone is mainly caused by mineral processing activities; (2) the subsurface flow zone in the study area is in alkaline environment, and the residual state, iron and manganese oxidation state, strong organic state and humic acid state of mercury in loess are equally divided in dry and oxidizing environment; mercury in river alluvial or diluvial strata is mainly concentrated in silt, tailings and clayey silt soil layer, and mercury has certain stability, and the form of mercury in loess is easier to transform than the other two media; (3) under the flooding condition, most of mercury is trapped in the silt layer in the undercurrent zone where the sand and silt layers alternate with each other and the river water and groundwater are disjointed, and the migration capacity of mercury is far less than that of loess layer and alluvial layer with close hydraulic connection; (4) infiltration at the flood level accelerates the migration of pollutants to the ground; (5) the soil in the undercurrent zone is overloaded and has seriously exceeded the standard. Although the groundwater monitoring results are safe this time, relevant enterprises or departments should continue to pay attention to improving the gold extraction process, especially vigorously rectify the small workshops for illegal gold extraction and the substandard discharge of the three wastes, and intensify efforts to solve the geological environmental problems of mines left over from history. At present, the occurrence form of mercury in the undercurrent zone is relatively stable, but the water and soil layers have been polluted. The risk of disjointed groundwater pollution can not be ignored while giving priority to the treatment of loess and river alluvial landform areas with close hydraulic links. The research results will provide a scientific basis for water conservancy departments to groundwater prevention and control in water-deficient areas of the Loess Plateau.