真空预压加固区硬壳层的水分运移解析解

本文根据非饱和土体的渗流理论,建立水分运移模型,研究真空预压在稳态下的水分运移机制,给出了孔隙水压力分布的控制方程及其解析解。根据工程实测数据验证解析解的结果,并对不同参数进行分析。结果表明：稳态下真空预压水分运移模型计算的结果和现场实测数据基本吻合。扩散通量Q和降饱和系数?对上层非饱和区域的形成位置、强度及厚度的影响较大。扩散通量Q越大,土体表层的基质吸力越大,孔隙水压力变化趋势就越大;降饱和系数?在0.3~1.0 kPa-1内对非饱和土体部分基本没有影响。     

山东省曹县城区地热资源评价

通过地球物理勘探、水文地质调查、钻孔和抽水试验,结合区域水文、气象和地质等资料,对山东省曹县城区地热地质条件、热储赋存条件有了初步认识,结合CD1号探采结合地热孔,对孔隙、岩溶裂隙型含水热储层及许庄复合热储层地热资源量进行了计算,对地热水资源进行了开发利用评价。     

1975-2005年中国铁路机车的CO2排放量

基于我国铁路部门逐年统计数据,计算了1975-2005年我国铁路机车的CO₂排放量,分析了我国铁路机车CO₂排放强度及其变化特点。结果表明,由于蒸汽机车不断被内燃机车和电力机车所取代,我国蒸汽机车CO₂年排放量逐年降低,内燃机车的CO₂年排放量逐年上升,铁路机车CO₂总排放量由1975年的4223万t降至2005年的1640万t,CO₂排放强度呈现明显的降低趋势,年均降低2.4 g /换算吨公里。我国铁路机车的CO₂排放量占整个交通运输仓储和邮政行业CO₂排放量的比重也呈逐年降低趋势。     

不同云系降水过程中GPS可降水量的特征——华北地区典型个例分析

利用石家庄、秦皇岛和张家口2005—2006年4~10月地基GPS反演的可降水量资料和常规天气资料,对可降水量与实际降水的关系进行统计,按降水性质,选取单纯积状云产生的对流降水、单纯层状云产生的稳定性降水及层积混合云产生的暴雨三类样本,对可降水量在三类典型降水过程中的演变趋势进行了分析。结果表明:大气中存在高值可降水量是降水产生的必要条件;可降水量呈阶段性、波状变化特点,其变化幅度、极值水平和持续时间与天气影响系统、降水性质等密切相关;降水强度和可降水量极大值出现时间不一定吻合,但强降水通常出现在可降水量的高值阶段,可降水量的高值阶段往往对应着较高的降水概率。另外,可降水量在以上三类性质降水中表现出不同特征,可为降水的短时临近预报提供参考。     

Acceleration of vegetation dynamics in hydrologically connected wetlands caused by dam operation

The dynamic responses of wetlands to upstream water conservancy projects are becoming increasingly crucial for watershed management. Poyang Lake is a dynamic wetland system of critical ecological importance and connected with the Yangtze river. However, in the context of disturbed water regime in Poyang Lake resulting from human activities and climate change, the responses of vegetation dynamics to the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) have not been investigated. We addressed this knowledge gap by using daily water level data and Landsat images from 1987 to 2018. Landsat images were acquired between October and December to ensure similar phenological conditions. Object-oriented Artificial Neural Network Regression for wetland classification was developed based on abundant training and validation samples. Interactions between vegetation coverage and water regimes pre and post the operation of the TGD were compared using classification and regression trees and the random forest model. Since the implementation of the TGD in 2003, Poyang Lake has become drier, especially during the dry season. A more rapid plant growth rate was observed post TGD (44.74 km² year⁻¹) compared to that of the entire study period (12.9 km² year⁻¹). Average water level for the antecedent 20 days most significantly affected vegetation before 2003, whereas average water level for the antecedent 5 or 10 days was more important after 2003. The impoundment of the TGD after the flood season accelerated the drawdown processes of Poyang Lake, and the rapidly exposed wetlands accelerated vegetation expansion during the dry seasons, resulting in shrinkage and degradation of the lake area. This study deepens our knowledge of the influences of newly developed dams on lakes and rivers.     

Effect of Groundwater Level Fluctuation on Phragmites australis Evapotranspiration in the Baiyangdian Lake

Abstract:Hydrological regimes influence ecological patterns and processes as well as alter rates of wetland evapotranspiration.This study aimed to investigate the impact of groundwater fluctuation on evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis.Supported by field data obtained from the Baiyangdian Lake in northern China,the variations in groundwater levels were explored,and the changes in soil water and evapotranspiration of reed were analyzed to investigate different groundwater level scenarios using HYDRUS-1D model.The results showed that soil water content,recharged by groundwater,remained stable in the lower soil layer but varied strongly in the upper layer of the soil profile;in comparison to evaporation,Phragmites australis transpiration contributed significantly more to the overall evapotranspiration rate;the high levels of evapotranspiration could be maintained when groundwater levels vary between 1.0 m and 1.8 m,while it was reduced with an increase in groundwater levels as a result of water stress conditions.The results also indicated that the evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis could maintain higher evapotranspiration rates under natural water levels.The evapotranspiration,in other words,might be the main water consumer,but it nevertheless has little effect on water levels during water shortages.The evapotranspiration of Phragmites australis responded to the changes in groundwater levels could help researchers understand water requirements of the wetlands and establish suitable water levels for the wetlands.     

惠民凹陷沙河街组地层水化学特征及其成因

根据惠民凹陷沙河街组水化学分析数据,探讨水化学成分分布特征,并初步进行地层水来源及成因方面的分析。研究结果表明:沙河街组发育的是以(Cl^-和Na⁺+K⁺为主要离子组分的(CaCl₂,型水,矿化度及其他水化学组分纵向上呈增加-减小交替变化的特点。各水化学参数反映凹陷内沙四段、沙三中下亚段和沙二段地层较好的封闭性,地层水总体被CaCO₃饱和,尚未达到CaSO₄饱和程度。与海水、湖水蒸发曲线进行对比,直观地反映水中离子的富集和贫乏程度,进而进行相应的地层水成因研究,即沙河街组地层水中Na⁺, Cl^-浓缩,Ca²⁺富集,以及Mg²⁺ 、 SO₄^2-贫乏的现象是蒸发浓缩作用、斜长石钠长石化、脱硫酸作用、有机质生烃等共同作用的结果。此外,平面上沙四段以上各层地层水矿化度低值区均分布在临南洼陷内,粘土矿物脱水作用可以解释洼陷及周边地层水的淡化现象。     

“一带一路”区域可持续发展生态环境遥感监测

2013年9月和10月,习近平主席在出访中亚和东南亚国家期间,先后提出了共建"丝绸之路经济带"和"21世纪海上丝绸之路"(简称"一带一路")的重大倡议。要全面保护"一带一路"区域生态环境,实现2030年可持续发展目标,是一个具有挑战性的问题。遥感技术对生态环境监测与评价发挥着十分重要的作用。本研究利用多尺度、多源遥感数据,对2015年"一带一路"区域的生态环境状况进行监测和分析,旨在提供可持续发展目标生态环境遥感监测的本底。本文选取了几个重要的生态环境方面开展监测与分析,主要包括宏观生态系统结构和植被状况、太阳能资源分布、水资源平衡、主要生态环境限制因素对经济走廊建设的影响、主要城市生态环境质量等。监测区域覆盖亚洲、非洲、欧洲和大洋洲的陆上区域。研究结果为生态环境评价与保护提供了有效的决策依据,有助于"一带一路"建设积极推进。     

Scale impacts on spatial variability in reference evapotranspiration

ABSTRACT

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important components in the hydrological cycle, and a key variable in hydrological modelling and water resources management. However, understanding the impacts of spatial variability in ET and the appropriate scale at which ET data should be incorporated into hydrological models, particularly at the regional scale, is often overlooked. This is in contrast to dealing with the spatial variability in rainfall data where existing guidance is widely available. This paper assesses the impacts of scale on the estimation of reference ET (ETo) by comparing data from individual weather stations against values derived from three national datasets, at varying resolutions. These include the UK Climate Impacts Programme 50 km climatology (UKCP₅₀), the UK Met Office 5 km climatology (UKMO₅) and the regional values published in the Agricultural Climate of England and Wales (ACEW). The national datasets were compared against the individual weather station data and the UKMO₅ was shown to provide the best estimate of ETo at a given site. The potential impacts on catchment modelling were then considered by mapping variance in ETo to show how geographical location and catchment size can have a major impact, with small lowland catchments having much higher variance than those with much larger areas or in the uplands. Some important implications for catchment hydrological modelling are highlighted.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor L. Ruiz     

热带大洋对纬向和经向风应力的联合响应

考虑了经向风应力和纬向风应力联合作用下热带大洋的响应问题.结果表明,只有一阶的经向风应力或具有辐合辐散的经向风应力才对最后的速度场和位势场造成影响.零阶的扰动温跃层和纬圈流受风应力的直接驱动和Kelvin波、Rossby短波的影响,而Rossby短波由经向风应力直接造成;二阶模则受风应力的直接驱动和Rossby短波的作用,同时经向风应力也产生了附加的Rossby短波.另外,在西边界处存在很强的暖水补充到赤道的现象,经向风应力有使暖水向赤道输送的作用,而西风应力使西边界处的暖水向东输送.