粘弹性圆形巷道支护结构上的荷载及其围岩应力的解析解

叙述了采用积分算子解法时弹性解与粘弹性解之间的对应关系;具体求算出H-K体的蠕变核与松弛核;借助带有弹性支护的粘弹性围岩应力解析解,计算分析了支护结构上荷载以及围岩应力的分布形式与变化规律,对围岩的应力调整有了更深一步的认识,以便更好地为衬砌设计服务。     

块系岩体间黏弹性性质对摆型波传播的影响

基于深部非连续自应力等级块系岩体构造理论,研究冲击载荷在块系岩体中以摆型波形式传播时岩块间黏弹性性质对摆型波传播的影响。当岩块间具有五种不同黏弹性性质时,通过对块系岩体的始端和末端区域中间岩块加速度响应计算及各岩块加速度正负摆幅幅值分析可知：岩块间黏性变化时,对岩块加速度衰减周期没有影响,但黏性增大时各岩块正负摆幅下降幅度比黏性周期增大时大;岩块间弹性变化时岩块加速度衰减周期均发生变化,但弹性减小时正负摆幅值向平衡位置平移,弹性周期减小时块系岩体的前半部分岩块正负摆幅曲线均出现波动且负摆波动较大,岩块间弹性梯级增大时,岩块加速度迅速衰减,同时各岩块加速度的正负摆幅曲线在初始端区域出现波动。     

Time-averaged and time-dependent energy-related quantities of harmonic waves in inhomogeneous viscoelastic anisotropic media

The energy–flux vector and other energy-related quantities play an important role in various wave propagation problems. In acoustics and seismology, the main attention has been devoted to the time-averaged energy flux of time-harmonic wavefields propagating in non-dissipative, isotropic and anisotropic media. In this paper, we investigate the energy–flux vector and other energy-related quantities of wavefields propagating in inhomogeneous anisotropic viscoelastic media. These quantities satisfy energy-balance equations, which have, as we show, formally different forms for real-valued wavefields with arbitrary time dependence and for time-harmonic wavefields. In case of time-harmonic wavefields, we study both time-averaged and time-dependent constituents of the energy-related quantities. We show that the energy-balance equations for time-harmonic wavefields can be obtained in two different ways. First, using real-valued wavefields satisfying the real-valued equation of motion and stress–strain relation. Second, using complex-valued wavefields satisfying the complex-valued equation of motion and stress–strain relation. The former approach yields simple results only for particularly simple viscoelastic models, such as the Kelvin–Voigt model. The latter approach is considerably more general and can be applied to viscoelastic models of unrestricted anisotropy and viscoelasticity. Both approaches, when applied to the Kelvin–Voigt viscoelastic model, yield the same expressions for the time-averaged and time-dependent constituents of all energy-related quantities and the same energy-balance equations. This indicates that the approach based on complex-valued representation of the wavefield may be used for time harmonic waves quite universally. This study also shows importance of joint consideration of time-averaged and time-dependent constituents of the energy-related quantities in some applications.     

Stress transfer relations among the earthquakes that occurred in Kerman province, southern Iran since 1981

We explore the possible stress triggering relationship of the   M ≥ 6.4  earthquakes that occurred in Kerman Province, southern Iran since 1981. We calculated stress changes due to both coseismic sudden movement in the upper crust and the time-dependent viscous relaxation of the lower crust and/or upper mantle following the event. Four events of   M ≥ 6.4  occurred between 1981 and 2005, on and close to the Gowk fault, show a clear Coulomb stress load to failure relationship. The  2003 M = 6.5  Bam earthquake, however, which occurred approximately 95 km SW of the closest Gowk event, shows a very weak stress relation to preceding earthquakes. The coseismic static stress change at the hypocentre of the Bam earthquake is quite small (∼0.006 bars). The time-dependent post-seismic stress change could be 26 times larger or 7 times lower than that of coseismic static stress alone depending on the choice of viscoelastic crustal model and the effective coefficient of friction. Given the uncertainties in the viscoelastic earth models and the effective coefficient of friction, we cannot confidently conclude that the 2003 Bam event was brought closer to failure through coseismic or post-seismic stress loading. Interestingly, the southern Gowk segment with a similar strike to that of the Bam fault, experienced a stress load of up to 8.3 bars between 1981 and 2003, and is yet to have a damaging earthquake.     

Polar Wander, Sea-level Variations and Ice Age Cycles

There exist close connections between changes in the position of theearth's rotation axis with respect to the earth's surface (polarwander), variations in sea level, the rise and decline of Ice Ages andglobal change on geological time scales. The modeling of theseinterrelationships has received renewed attention in the last few years,after initial attempts to relate these phenomena by means ofviscoelastic solid earth relaxation models had shown its feasibility.An overview is given of the models, and several aspects of the variousinterrelationships are discussed. It is shown that the radial mantleviscosity profile and the layering of the solid earth have importantinfluences on these interactions.     

Time domain analysis of generalized viscoelastic models

This paper examines the convolution integral method for the time domain analysis of viscoelastic models with complex parameters. Such models have been extensively used in soil dynamics and base isolation studies, because they can predict realistically the non-viscous behavior of practical materials such as soil, acrylic polymers, and silicone gels among others. Starting from the constant hysteretic model which was initially proposed to model the behavior of dry sands, it is shown that the basic response functions of complex-parameter viscoelastic models are complex valued functions. The classical relations between the basic response function and the dynamic modulus are extended for the case of these generalized viscoelastic models. Finally, the time domain response of practical constitutive models with complex parameters is investigated, and the limitations and advantages of the convolution integral method are discussed.     

黏弹地球地震变形理论研究进展和展望

自Love(1911)研究了自重球体的弹性变形后,基于不同的黏弹性地球模型,许多科学家都对地震变形问题进行了深入研究,主要发展了基于半无限空间和球形地球模型的黏弹地球地震变形理论.地震变形问题通常经积分变换、基函数展开等技术处理后,简化为求解满足特定震源和地表边界条件的常微分方程组问题.针对这一独特的数学物理边值问题,本文以全解析、半解析和数值积分解等求解形式概述了近几十年发展的基于规则几何形态地球模型的黏弹地球地震变形理论,并讨论了各种方法的特点.此外,针对三维地球模型,本文也简单回顾了目前的研究进展和存在问题.总之,本文综述了过去半个多世纪以来的黏弹地球地震变形理论的发展历史、研究现状和最新进展,并讨论目前存在的问题和未来的发展趋势.     

On the state of stress in the near-surface of the earth's crust

Five models for near-surface crustal stresses induced by gravity and horizontal deformation and the influence of rock property contrasts, rock strength, and stress relaxation on these stresses are presented. Three of the models—the lateral constraint model, the model for crustal stresses caused by horizontal deformation, and the model for the effects of anisotropy—are linearly elastic. The other two models assume that crustal rocks are brittle or viscoelastic in order to account for the effects of rock strength and time on near-surface stresses. It is shown that the lateral constraint model is simply a special case of the combined gravity-and deformation-induced stress field when horizontal strains vanish and that the inclusion of the effect of rock anisotropy in the solution for crustal stresses caused by gravity and horizontal deformation broadens the range for predicted stresses. It is also shown that when stress levels in the crust reach the limits of brittle rock strength, these stresses become independent of strain rates and that stress relaxation in ductile crustal rocks subject to constant horizontal strain rates causes horizontal stresses to become independent of time in the long term.