基于3D-DIC技术岩石广义应力松弛特性试验研究

基于可视化三轴压缩伺服控制试验系统和三维数字图像相关技术(简称3D-DIC技术),开展了不同流变方向系数α下的广义应力松弛试验,对广义应力松弛过程中砂岩表面的应变演化规律进行了探讨。研究结果表明:在流变过程中若砂岩有发生破坏的趋势,其表面的轴向、径向应变场的应变集中区域逐步显现,轴向应变集中区域由层状离散分布逐渐向即将出现裂纹的位置集中,而径向应变场中在裂纹即将形成区域附近应变增长速率最快。不同表面位置轴向、径向应变差异的演化速率与其整体演化速率的变化趋势呈现正相关,在即将形成裂纹附近的轴向、径向应变变化量发展经历减速、等速、加速3个阶段,而远离裂纹处的应变则可能先增大后减小,不同位置应变值的等时曲线演化则预示裂纹即将形成的区域。随着流变方向系数α由0.3、0、-3.0、∞、3.0依次变迁,流变过程中轴向、径向应变场整体演化的均值与方差均上升,说明其演化速率加快,应变集中现象更显著,且砂岩破坏前后的应变场演化差异增大。     

Viscoelastic relaxation of the upper mantle and afterslip following the 2014 MW8.1 Iquique earthquake

An improved understanding of postseismic crustal deformation following large subduction earthquakes may help to better understand the rheological properties of upper mantle and the slip behavior of subduction interface. Here we construct a three-dimensional viscoelastic finite element model to study the postseismic deformation of the 2014 M_W8.1 Iquique, Chile earthquake. Elastic units in the model include the subducting slab, continental and oceanic lithospheres. Rheological units include the mantle wedge, the oceanic asthenosphere and upper mantle. We use a 2 ​km thick weak shear zone attached to the subduction fault to simulate the time-dependent stress-driven afterslip. The viscoelastic relaxation in the rheological units is represented by the Burgers rheology. We carry out grid-searches on the shear zone viscosity, thickness and viscosity of the asthenosphere, and they are determined to be 10¹⁷ ​Pa ​s, 110 ​km and 2 ​× ​10¹⁸ ​Pa ​s, respectively. The stress-driven afterlsip within the first two years is up to ~47 ​cm and becomes negligible after two years (no more than 5 ​cm/yr). Our results suggest that a thin, low-viscosity oceanic asthenosphere together with a weak shear zone attached to the fault are required to better reproduce the observed postseismic deformation.     

利用概率松弛法的城市路网自动匹配

多源空间数据匹配是空间数据集成与互操作,变化检测与数据更新的重要前提。路网数据匹配在导航、智能交通和基于位置服务等领域具有重要的研究意义和实用价值。本文提出一种基于概率松弛方法的城市路网自动匹配方法,该方法首先通过路段间几何差异性估算候选路段的初始概率,然后根据邻接候选匹配路段的兼容性不断更新原概率矩阵直到收敛于某一极小值。最后基于收敛的概率矩阵计算各候选路段的结构相似性,并通过设定相应的规则选取和提炼1: 1, 1: M和M: N匹配对。实验选取中国武汉,瑞士苏黎世地区的OpenStreetMap数据与导航数据进行匹配算法的验证。结果表明：本文算法对非刚性偏差较大的路网数据能达到较高精度,不存在匹配方向性问题,且能够识别1: 0, 1: M和M: N匹配。     

统计假设检验方法在全极化SAR变化检测中的应用

本文以全极化SAR数据为研究对象。由于全极化数据相干矩阵T3或协方差矩阵C3服从复wishart分布,所以首先在此分布的基础上利用统计假设检验方法构建似然比参数,用以表征地表地物的变化程度,然后利用基于广义高斯分布模型的EM迭代算法(GGM-EM)对变化信息进行初提取,最后充分考虑上下文信息,利用概率松弛迭代算法对初检测信息进行优化。该方法不仅全自动提取变化信息,而且经过非相干平均、初始分类、分类结果优化3次降斑去噪处理,因此检测精度较高。通过与传统对数比值法的比较,证明该方法的有效性。     

SM植物胶冲洗液的流变性分析与探讨

文章介绍了冲洗液的几种常见流变模式,并对这几种流变模式的流变曲线及其特点作了简单分析总结。通过多次室内试验测得SM植物胶冲洗液的各项流变参数,并根据这些参数作出它的流变曲线,通过与传统流变曲线作对比总结出SM植物胶冲洗液的流变方程表达模式为幂律模式;结合实践中常见的一些现象并通过两组不同的特征试验证明SM植物胶冲洗液为粘弹性流体而非传统观念上的假塑性流体;与传统泥浆对比试验证明SM植物胶冲洗液的流变性能优越;文章结尾对SM植物胶冲洗液的流变参数作了简单的分析讨论。     

核磁测井数据弛豫谱反演软件研究

简单介绍了核磁测井数据弛豫谱反演方法原理 ,用混合编程方法和动态连接库技术 ,将用FORTRAN语言编写的核心处理模块转换为动态连接库 ,并在C++语言中动态调用。应用快速应用程序开发工具完成了图形用户界面的核磁测井数据处理软件设计。     

层状弹性介质中地震波运动学问题研究

完全弹性介质中，进行地震波射线追踪时需要确定射线的出射角；在非弹性介质中，除了确定此射线出射角之外，还需要确定另外一个角，即波前面与常振幅平面的夹角──衰减角。基于惠更斯原理，研究了确定射线出射角与衰减角的一种有效方法，进而对层状非弹性介质中地震波运动学问题进行了一定的理论研究与数值计算。     

研究岩石破裂等弱化行为的力－位移组合控制方法

本文介绍了一种用力和位移的线性组合控制岩石试验的新方法。该方法已在一台自制的伺服实验系统上和一台ＭＴＳ实验系统上得到了实现。用这种方法能够简便地求出通常难以求出的具有Ⅱ类特性岩石的全应力─应变曲线，而且能够变化出如广义应力松驰等其它实验类型，从而能够对时间依赖性进行深入的研究。由于其易于采用的特点，它在研究岩石破裂乃至摩擦等弱化过程方面有着广泛的应用前景。     

Shear stress on the base of a lithospheric plate

This paper is a review of the theoretical and observational evidence bearing on the magnitude of the shear stress which acts on the base of a lithospheric plate. Estimates based on the viscosity of the upper mantle do not yield useful limits. Arguments based on the thermal stability of the upper mantle indicate that the basal shear stress is no larger than a few bars. An indirect measurement of the rheology and shear stress can be made by studying the diffusion of stress and displacement following a large decoupling earthquake. When applied to the 1965 Rat Island Earthquake, this method yields a basal shear stress of about 2 bars. These results indicate that for small plates the forces produced by basal shear stress are probably small in comparison with forces acting on plate boundaries. To a first approximation, the smaller plates act as if they were decoupled from the mantle below. These stress estimates lead to a model in which the motion of the smaller lithospheric plates is governed almost entirely by the forces acting on their edges. Forces due to basal shear stress may be comparable to forces acting on the edges of large lithospheric plates. Thus, complete decoupling may not be a good approximation for such plates.