Electromagnetic signals generated by the electric polarization during the constrained deformation of rocks

The results of synchronous observations of the electric field on the shallow crustal layers of the Earth’s crust and the microseismic vibrations are presented. On the basis of the coincidence of the statistics of the electric and microseismic pulses of the relaxation type, and, also, the fact that the indicated pulses accompany each other, the conclusion is reached about the unique source of both pulses. The constrained rotation of the structural block during its relaxation is considered as such a source. A mechanism is proposed for the generation of electromagnetic signals, connected with the separation of electric charges as a result of the rapid change in the stress-strain state of the rocks of a complex hierarchic-block structure. A model developed by the authors, for the generation of electromagnetic signals during the relaxation processes in the Earth’s crust of a heterogeneous structure, is presented.     

InSAR约束下2001年昆仑山MS 8.1地震震后粘弹性松弛效应

根据2001年昆仑山MS8.1地震震后2~6 a的InSAR形变场,采用震后粘弹性松弛模型进行模拟,使用半解析平面分层模型研究青藏高原昆仑山地震震区流变结构。Maxwell半空间粘弹性应力松弛模型模拟结果表明,最优的弹性上地壳厚度为15~20 km,莫霍面深度为70 km,该地区下地壳有效粘滞系数在（1~2.5）×1019 Pas之间,上地幔有效粘滞系数在（1~6.3）×1019 Pas之间。该结果与青藏高原玛尼震区的震后粘弹性松弛反演结果基本一致。     

应变控制下压实黄土的动三轴试验研究

在动应变控制条件下,对压实黄土进行了应力松弛特性研究,得出应力松弛随湿度、围压、激振频率和初始应变变化的关系。对压实黄土在动应变控制方式下的振陷进行了研究,结果表明：压实黄土的振陷时间很短,振陷量随围压、频率的增加而减小,随着湿度的增加而增加。在试验及理论推导基础上,提出了压实黄土在动应变控制下的动力流变试验模型。研究结论对实际工程中处理压实黄土的振陷,有一定的理论指导意义。     

盾构衬砌管片土压力反分析研究

作用在管片上的土压力是影响管片设计的关键因素之一。目前松弛土压力的计算理论存在较多假定,与实际受力状态存在很大的差异,而且由于壁后注浆使得盾构隧道管片土压力实测比较困难,普遍存在土压力实测数据可靠性不高的问题。针对以上问题,建立了一种管片土压力反演分析方法,根据相对易于测定的管片内力实测数据,采用最优化方法反演作用在管片上的土压力的大小和分布。反演计算结果表明,深埋与浅埋条件下隧道土压力有较大的不同,且与目前设计土压力假定的分布也有很大的区别。     

Application of A Correspondence Principle to the Free Vibrations of Some Viscoelastic Solids

In this study we apply the correspondence principle for free vibrations of a homogeneous viscoelastic solid derived by Fisher & Leitman to obtain the torsional modes of a homogeneous viscoelastic rod. We also extend the correspondence principle, showing that it may be used to find the frequencies of Love waves in a stratified viscoelastic medium. Finally, we apply the correspondence principle to four viscoelastic materials, the Kelvin-Voigt solid, the Maxwell solid, the standard linear solid, and the Achenbach-Chao solid. We show that in each of these cases some care must be used in applying the correspondence principle because of the presence of multiple solutions. We also examine measures of dissipation of the free vibrations, and we determine the conditions under which the logarithmic decrement may be approximated by the process-independent l/ Q of O'Connell & Budiansky.     

Three-dimensional finite element modelling of stress relaxation tests in anisotropic clayey medium: direct problem and back analysis

This paper deals with a new strategy for initial stress identification by stress relaxation methods, coupled with finite element calculation, and applied to the overcoring test. The back-analysis of such a test uses an inversion method which consists in the minimisation, with a gradient-based algorithm, of a cost functional of least-squares type, which quantizes the difference between measured and computed strains. The computed strains are assessed by three-dimensional finite element modellings of the overcoring test. The inversion methodology is applied to a recent in situ overcoring test performed at Mont Terri laboratory, Switzerland. The inversion gave good results and allows us to validate the inversion methodology. The constitutive law considered for this application is transverse isotropic elasticity but the inversion method developed is applicable to most constitutive laws and every kind of in situ test.     

An Analytical Investigation of a Variable-Compliance-type Constitutive Equation

Summary. A constitutive equation is proposed in which the compliance is assumed to monotonically increase as a load is applied. The primary feature of the constitutive equation is that the equation can be applied to various loading conditions such as constant stress rate, constant strain rate, creep, or relaxation. The second feature is that the equation has exact solutions under many loading conditions. The present paper shows the exact solutions for the constitutive equation and investigates the mutual relationships between the exact solutions for the different loading conditions. The third feature is that it is comparatively easy to find the constants in the constitutive equation. The present paper shows how to solve the constitutive equation for the constants, and the constants for some native Japanese rocks. The constitutive equation used in the present paper is extremely simple. Therefore, the equation can be easily implemented in almost any FEM code. It is likely that additional terms of the constitutive equation will prove necessary for practical usage. However, additional terms can be found very easily by finding higher-order approximations of experimental data.     

Analytical approach for the toroidal relaxation of viscoelastic earth

This paper is concerned with post-seismic toroidal deformation in a spherically symmetric, non-rotating, linear-viscoelastic, isotropic Maxwell earth model. Analytical expressions for characteristic relaxation times and relaxation strengths are found for viscoelastic toroidal deformation, associated with surface tangential stress, when there are two to five layers between the core–mantle boundary and Earth's surface. The multilayered models can include lithosphere, asthenosphere, upper and lower mantles and even low-viscosity ductile layer in the lithosphere. The analytical approach is self-consistent in that the Heaviside isostatic solution agrees with fluid limit. The analytical solution can be used for high-precision simulation of the toroidal relaxation in five-layer earths and the results can also be considered as a benchmark for numerical methods. Analytical solution gives only stable decaying modes—unstable mode, conjugate complex mode and modes of relevant poles with orders larger than 1, are all excluded, and the total number of modes is found to be just the number of viscoelastic layers between the core–mantle boundary and Earth's surface—however, any elastic layer between two viscoelastic layers is also counted. This confirms previous finding where numerical method (i.e. propagator matrix method) is used. We have studied the relaxation times of a lot of models and found the propagator matrix method to agree very well with those from analytical results. In addition, the asthenosphere and lithospheric ductile layer are found to have large effects on the amplitude of post-seismic deformation. This also confirms the findings of previous works.     

Construction of constant-Q viscoelastic mode with three parameters

The popularly used viscoelastic models have some shortcomings in describing relationship between quality factor （Q） and frequency, which is not consistent with the observation data. Based on the theory of viscoelasticity, a new approach to construct constant-Q viscoelastic model in given frequency band with three parameters is developed. The designed model describes the frequency-independence feature of quality factor very well, and the effect of viscoelasticity on seismic wave field can be studied relatively accurate in theory with this model. Furthermore, the number of required parameters in this model has been reduced fewer than that of other constant-Q models, this can simplify the solution of the viscoelastic problems to some extent. At last, the accuracy and application range have been analyzed through numerical tests. The effect of viscoelasticity on wave propagation has been briefly illustrated through the change of frequency spectra and waveform in several different viscoelastic models.     

基于VSP直达波资料的粘弹介质参数遗传算法反演

粘弹性参数变得越来越重要,其反演算法也逐渐成为众多研究者的研究热点。而遗传算法是一种随机、自适应、启发式的算法, 具有很好的鲁棒性和全局收敛性, 本文基于VSP直达波方程,引入了遗传算法来进行粘弹参数反演, 首先将频率域直达波方程表示为复速度的函数,然后通过遗传算法反演出复速度。而复速度和品质因子又是复速度的函数,从而便可很容易的得出。但若直接反演复速度, 反演参数太多, 不容易实现, 所以又将复速度表示成参数C0和C∞的函数,以减少反演参数数量。最后给出了理论模型实验,以证明该算法的有效性。