Three dimensional viscoelastic simulation on dynamic evolution of stress field in North China induced by the 1966 Xingtai earthquake

Introduction Among the mechanisms of earthquake, the essentials may be that the earthquake is a dynamic process of energy accumulation, reaching critical status and failure in focal region. Some nonlin-ear mechanical studies (Bak, Tang, 1989; Ito, Matsuzaki, 1990) show that earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon may be induced by relative small stress disturbance. WANG, et al (1980) already carried out the numerical simulation on earthquake migration in the beginning of 1980s. …     

Flux between soil and atmosphere, vertical concentration profiles in soil, and turnover of nitric oxide: 2. Experiments with naturally layered soil cores

Intact soils cores were taken with a stainless steel corer from a sandy podzol and a loamy luvisol, and used to measure the flux (J) of NO between soil and atmosphere and the vertical profile of the NO mixing ratios (m) in the soil atmosphere, both as function of the NO mixing ratio (m _a) in the atmosphere of the headspace. These measurements were repeated after stepwise excavation of the soil column from the top, e.g. by removing the upper 2 cm soil layer. The gaseous diffusion coefficients of NO in the soil cores were either computed from soil porosity or were determined from experiments using SF6. The NO fluxes (J) that were actually measured at the soil surface were compared to the fluxes which were calculated either from the vertical NO profiles (J _c ) or from the NO production and uptake rates (J _m ) determined in the excavated soil samples. In the podzol, the actually measured (J) and the calculated (J _m , J_m) NO fluxes agreed within a factor of 2. In the luvisol, the measured NO fluxes (J) and those calculated from the vertical NO profiles (J _c ) also agreed well, but in the upper 6 cm soil layer the NO fluxes (J _m ) calculated from NO production and uptake rates were up to 7 times higher than the measured NO fluxes. This poor agreement was probably due to the inhomogeneous distribution of NO production and consumption processes and the change of diffusivities within the top layers of the luvisol. Indeed, the luvisol showed a pronounced maximum of the NO mixing ratios at about 6 cm depth, whereas the podzol column exhibited a steady and exponential decrease of the NO mixing ratios with depth. The inhomogeneities in the luvisol were confirmed by incubation of the soil cores under anoxic conditions. This treatment resulted in production of NO at several depths indicating a zonation of increased potential activities within the luvisol profile which may have biased the modelling of the NO surface flux from turnover measurements in soil samples. Inhomogeneities could be achieved even in homogenized soil by fertilization with nitrate solution.     

液压粘弹性控制系统对建筑结构抗震控制的研究

本文详细介绍了作者提出的液压粘弹性控制系统（ＨｙｄｒａｕｌｉｃＶｉｓｃｏｅｌａｓｔｉｃＣｏｎｔｒｏｌＳｙｓｔｅｍ简称ＨＶＥＳ）的构成及工作原理，建立了分析模型，并对其控制效果以及各参数变化对控制作用的影响进行了探讨，最后号普通粘弹性阻尼器的控制效果进行了比较，研究结果表明，ＨＶＥＳ是一种高效的振动控制系统，与普通耗能减振装置相比，具有控制效果更好，且不破坏结构使用能等特点，因此具有广阔的应用前景。     

Some remarks about the degree-one deformation of the Earth

The degree-one deformation of the Earth (and the induced discrepancy between the figure centre and the mass centre of the Earth) is computed using a theoretical approach (Love numbers formalism) at short timescales (where the Earth has an elastic behaviour) as well as at long timescales (where the Earth has a viscoelastic or quasi-fluid behaviour). For a Maxwell model of rheology, the degree-one relaxation modes associated with the viscoelastic Love numbers have been investigated: the M_o mode does not exist and there is only one transition mode (instead of two) generated by a viscosity discontinuity.
The translations at each interface of the incompressible layers of the earth model [surface, 670 km depth discontinuity, core-mantle boundary (CMB) and inner-core boundary (ICB)] are computed. They are elastic with an order of magnitude of about 1 mm when the excitation source is the atmospheric continental loading or a magnetic pressure acting at the CMB. They are viscoelastic when the earth is submitted to Pleistocene deglaciation, with an order of magnitude of about 1 m. In a quasi-fluid approximation (Newtonian fluid) because of the mantle density heterogeneity their order of magnitude is about 100 m (except for the ICB, which is in quasi-hydrostatic equilibrium at this timescale).     

克拉通边缘前陆盆地动力层序地层学

通过近几年对层序地层学的深入研究，尤其是对上扬子地台西缘中三叠世拉丁期末和晚三叠世卡尼期周缘前陆盆地层序地层学的研究，提出了动力层序地层学，将边缘前陆盆地由盆缘逆冲断块向克拉通稳定边缘分为Ａ区带和Ｂ区带。     

上海软土地区大直径钻孔灌注桩承载力偏低原因浅析

就上海软土地区大直径(设计直径≥800mm)钻孔灌注桩承载力普遍低于按规范计算的极限承载力的原因进行了分析,认为大直径尺寸效应、编制规范时引用的资料存在一定的局限性以及成桩工艺时间长短等对大直径钻孔灌注桩承载力充分发挥都有不同程度的影响。建议在设计取值时,以取f_i和f_p的低限值为宜;同时,施工队伍应加强管理,缩短成桩时间;并应视具体情况适当增大泥浆比重。     

Voigt粘弹性流体上的线性重力波

研究了半无限不可压缩Ｖｏｉｇｔ粘弹性体表面的线性重力波；通过引进无量纲粘弹性参数Ｈ、无量纲波数与无量纲表面张力解定解问题，导出了无量纲色散关系。由数值解给出了Ｈ的两个临界值ＨＡ＝０．６０７、ＨＢ＝２．３８０，并讨论了Ｈ对于色散关系的影响。     

Ambiguous reflection coefficients for anelastic media

The calculation of reflection and transmission coefficients of plane waves at a plane interface between two homogeneous anelastic media may become ambiguous because it is not always obvious how to determine the sign of the vertical component of the slowness vector of the scattered waves. For elastic media, the sign is determined by applying so-called radiation condition when the slowness vector is complex-valued, but it has long been known that this approach does not work satisfactorily for anelastic media. Other approaches have been suggested, e.g., by requiring that the reflection and transmission coefficients should vary continuously with increasing incident angles, or by relating the sign to the direction of the energy flux. In the present paper, it is shown that these approaches may give different results, and that the results can be inconsistent with the elastic case even for weak attenuation. Instead, it is demonstrated that the ambiguity in the reflection coefficient can be resolved by expressing the seismic response of a point source over an interface as a superposition of plane waves and their reflection coefficients, and solving the resulting integral by the saddle point approximation. Although the saddle point itself (point of stationary phase) does not provide new insight, the ambiguity is removed by considering the steepest descent path through the point. Ray synthetic seismograms computed by this method compare well with synthetics computed by the reflectivity method, which does not suffer from the above-mentioned ambiguity since the integration path is taken along the real axis. This paper concentrates on the isotropic case, but it is discussed how the result may be extended to layered transversely isotropic media. The suggested approach, derived for a point source and plane layers, does not directly apply to 2-D or 3-D laterally inhomogeneous media, or to media of general anisotropy. A generalization of the result found is that the sign of the vertical slowness components should be chosen according to the energy flux direction for subcritical incidence and according to the radiation condition for supercritical incidence, even if this creates a discontinuity in the coefficients at the critical incidence angle. Such a discontinuity is sometimes necessary to get results which are consistent with the elastic case. It is discussed how the generalized result can be obtained by applying certain continuity criteria for the sub-and supercritical angle intervals, but the validity of this approach for general models remains to be proved.     

3-D rheologic model of earthquake preparation (Ⅲ): Precursor field

On the basis of the theory of viscoelastic displacement and strain field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation, this paper mainly studies the theoretical solution of precursor field for the three-dimensional rheologic model of earthquake preparation. We derive the viscoelastic analytical expressions of the ground tilt, underground water level, earth resistivity at an arbitrary point (x, y, z) in the rheologic medium, and analyzed the earth resistivity preliminarily, providing a certain theoretical basis for the precursor analysis of seismogenic process.