石羊河中下游流域植被的演替历史

以参考历史文献、实地调查和访问当地居民的方法,研究了石羊河中下游流域的植被演替。结果表明,该流域2000多年前为湖泊、沼泽和平原景观,后来由于气候和水文演化、人类活动加强和干旱加剧,导致湖泊与河流逐渐消失、绿洲因水系的变迁而向东南移动、早期的绿洲农田逐渐沙漠化,也使植被从水生、沼泽、草甸植物向沙旱生、强旱生、超旱生方向演替,物种大量消失,已演化成现在的沙漠、戈壁与绿洲景观。目前, 该流域红崖山水库以南的一些河道中尚有常年流水,河漫滩和湿地中还有水生、沼泽、草甸和中生植物种类,物种相对丰富;而水库以北的古河床及广大荒漠区植被稀疏,且多为沙旱生和强旱生植物种类,生物多样性低,稳定性差,沙漠化过程加强。要恢复流域植被、遏制土地沙漠化,应当采用调水、引水和节约用水的方法,加强绿洲保护,使地下水位恢复至植物可吸收利用状态。     

榆靖高速公路防护体系近地面流场特征

通过野外调查及风场观测,研究了在主导风向为NW-SE时,榆靖高速公路K404处上风向植被防护体系的地面流场变化特征。结果表明:（1）风速和地形存在较好的相关性。在流动沙丘和固定沙丘迎风坡,风速放大率均为正,背风坡为负,背风坡没有产生回流,风速整体减小。风速放大率计算结果表明,愈接近地面风速的变化程度越大,风速放大率绝对值与垂直高度呈指数函数关系,风速放大率的大小与沙丘类型无关。（2）接近公路的贴地面风速显著下降,现有植被防护体系能够缓解流沙危害,植被的防风效果较好。（3）流动、半固定、固定沙丘的迎风坡地表风速廓线基本符合对数律,丘顶和背风坡风速廓线偏离对数曲线,固定沙丘粗糙度高于流动沙丘。     

草原区植被对土壤风蚀影响的风洞模拟试验研究

在前期研究的基础上,选择内蒙古乌兰察布荒漠草原区为研究区域,通过野外移动风洞模拟试验,开展荒漠草原植被对土壤风力侵蚀影响的定量化分析研究,旨在探讨不同植被盖度下空气动力学粗糙度的变化、不同植被盖度下的风沙流结构特征及植被盖度与风蚀输沙率的定量关系,从而为水土流失机理研究提供理论依据。试验研究表明：空气动力学粗糙度随着地表植被盖度的增加呈三次函数关系增加,拟合函数为Z0=ax3+bx2+cx+d;随着距地高度的增加,各层收集到的风蚀量呈不同程度降低,随着地表植被盖度的增加,各层输沙量也均降低;不同风速下植被盖度与风蚀输沙率之间呈幂函数相关。     

南洛河流域洛南盆地表土孢粉与植被的关系

选取南洛河上游洛南盆地10 种植被类型下40 处样点表土苔藓开展孢粉与植被关系的研究.结果表明,表土中孢粉组成能很好地反映植被类型.森林表土中乔木植物花粉含量平均值大于40%,且有较高含量的中华卷柏孢子;疏林草原、灌丛群落中乔木植物花粉平均含量分别为13.2%和16.6%,灌木植物花粉相对草丛群落含量较高;草丛群落和农田中乔木花粉平均含量均<10%,草本植物花粉>80%,灌木植物花粉<1%.洛南盆地表土孢粉总浓度平均为1.42×10⁵粒/g,与植被覆盖度关系较弱,而与植被类型有一定联系,能辅助植被类型的辨识.聚类分析和PCA分析都能较好区分森林和非森林植被,前者能较好地区分松林和混交林,后者能较好地区分农田和灌、草丛植被,且比聚类分析更加稳定.松属、栎属等乔木花粉具有较强的扩散能力,能指示区域植被,松属没有表现出很强的超代表性,栎属具有低代表性;蒿属花粉与植被覆盖度间的相关关系较差,具有明显的超代表性,其大量出现与人类的干扰有一定的联系,禾本科花粉具有很好的植被指示性和低代表性,藜科花粉的高含量主要指示了高强度的人类活动;中华卷柏孢子在地层中的大量出现具有指示森林或松林环境的意义.     

Estimating fraction of photosynthetically active radiation of corn with vegetation indices and neural network from hyperspectral data

The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation(FPAR) is a key variable in the assessment of vegetation productivity and land ecosystem carbon cycles.Based on ground-measured corn hyperspectral reflectance and FPAR data over Northeast China,the correlations between corn-canopy FPAR and hyperspectral reflectance were analyzed,and the FPAR estimation performances using vegetation index(VI) and neural network(NN) methods with different two-band-combination hyperspectral reflectance were investigated.The results indicated that the corncanopy FPAR retained almost a constant value in an entire day.The negative correlations between FPAR and visible and shortwave infrared reflectance(SWIR) bands are stronger than the positive correlations between FPAR and near-infrared band reflectance(NIR).For the six VIs,the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI) and simple ratio(SR) performed best for estimating corn FPAR(the maximum R2 of 0.8849 and 0.8852,respectively).However,the NN method esti-mated results(the maximum R2 is 0.9417) were obviously better than all of the VIs.For NN method,the two-band combinations showing the best corn FPAR estimation performances were from the NIR and visible bands;for VIs,however,they were from the SWIR and NIR bands.As for both the methods,the SWIR band performed exceptionally well for corn FPAR estimation.This may be attributable to the fact that the reflectance of the SWIR band were strongly controlled by leaf water content,which is a key component of corn photosynthesis and greatly affects the absorption of photosynthetically active radiation(APAR),and makes further impact on corn-canopy FPAR.     

Hydrogeomorphic processes and vegetation: disturbance,process histories,dependencies and interactions

Riparian vegetation and hydrogeomorphic processes are intimately connected parts of upland catchment and fan environments. Trees, shrubs and grasses and hydrogeomorphic processes interact and depend on each other in complex ways on the hillslopes, channels and cone‐shaped fans of torrential watersheds. While the presence and density of vegetation have a profound influence on hydrogeomorphic processes, the occurrence of the latter will also exert control on the presence, vitality, species, and age distribution of vegetation. This contribution aims at providing a review of foundational and more recent work on the dependencies and interactions between hydrogeomorphic processes and vegetation. In particular, we address the role of vegetation in the initiation of hydrogeomorphic processes and its impact on stream morphology as well as immediate and long‐term effects of hydrogeomorphic disturbance on vegetation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The interactions between vegetation and erosion: new directions for research at the interface of ecology and geomorphology

Vegetation and processes of erosion and deposition are interactive. An objective of this paper is to review selected studies that emphasize the interdependencies. The reviews suggest new directions for research uniting ecology and geomorphology – the sub‐discipline of biogeomorphology. The research, which recently has become vigorous, includes the sources, movement, and fates of fluvial loads of sediment, organic carbon, nutrients, contaminants, and woody debris to low‐energy storage sites; the function of biota in causing soil evolution, stability, and sequestration of carbon; the development of new methods to characterize watersheds based on edaphic conditions; and the refinement of current empirical and conceptual models and dendrochronological techniques to measure landscape change. These well acknowledged topics and others less well anticipated ensure that biogeomorphology will remain vibrant. Published in 2011. This article is a US Government work and is in the publish domain in the USA.     

辽东山地老秃顶子北坡植被类型及垂直带谱

基于沿海拔梯度的样方调查数据,运用TWINSPAN分类方法,科学划分老秃顶子北坡的森林群落类型,确定老秃顶子北坡植被垂直带谱,并对其种类组成和生活型谱进行系统研究。结果表明:⑴老秃顶子北坡植被垂直带谱由8个带组成,即海拔500~720m的蒙古栎+色木槭落叶阔叶林带,海拔720~820m的紫椴+色木槭落叶阔叶林带,海拔820~920m的臭冷杉+暴马丁香针阔混交林带,海拔920~1080m的臭冷杉+鱼鳞云杉暗针叶林带,海拔1080~1190m的枫桦+臭冷杉针阔混交林带,海拔1190~1280m的岳桦+簇毛槭落叶阔叶林带,海拔1280~1320m的矮灌化槭树+毛榛子山地灌丛带,海拔1320~1367m的小叶章+苔草山地草甸带。⑵老秃顶子北坡自山麓至山顶8个植被带的物种丰富度分别为43、27、33、39、54、45、47和34种,呈现出了在中等海拔高度拥有最高物种多样性的现象。⑶老秃顶子北坡在山麓~920m间,随着海拔的升高,群落中高位芽植物明显增多,地面芽植物明显减少;在海拔920m~山顶,随着海拔的升高,群落中高位芽植物明显减少,至山顶基本消失,而地面芽植物比例则由21.2%显著增加到山顶的79.4%。     

Submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner,Marion, Katrine,Taylor, and Sheppard in Canterbury,New Zealand

The submerged vegetation of Lakes Sumner, Marion, Katrine, Taylor, and Sheppard was surveyed in May 1987. These high‐altitude lakes lie at c. 600 m a.s.l., within the largely unmodified upper Hurunui catchment. Submerged vegetation was diverse and included numerous short shallow‐water species, dense swards of Isoetes alpinus, low covers of taller native vascular plants, and charophyte meadows beyond the depth limit of vascular plants to a maximum of 15 m. A sparse deepwater bryophyte community was observed from 11 to 32 m depth in Lake Sumner. Displacement of native vegetation by dense growths of the adventive oxygen weed Elodea canadensis over mid‐depths of 3–6 m was noted in all lakes, except Lake Marion.     

地表参数反演及城市热岛时空演变分析

采用TES算法实现了ASTER地表温度的反演,在对发射率估算方法改进基础上,利用单窗算法反演1989年TM地表温度。结合C地形校正,利用线性光谱模型提取植被覆盖度与城市不透水面密度,利用反射率提取NDVI。从多方面对城市热岛时空演变进行综合研究,研究表明,与等间距法相比,均值-标准差法可以较合理地刻画地表热场的分布,一定程度上可以避开不同时相的差异。最后时空对比及空间统计学分析显示,1989~2004年间福州市城市热岛面积、热岛强度都有所增加,城市热岛总体趋势为西北-东南走向,并逐渐向北-南方向偏移,而且城市热岛重心向东南方向偏移。