黄土高原北部土地利用变化对长期土壤水分平衡影响模拟

为探明土地利用变化对黄土高原长期土壤水分平衡的影响,利用校验的Hydrus-1D模型模拟黄土高原北部神木六道沟小流域1981—2050年农耕地—苜蓿草地—天然草地情景下0~4 m土壤水分变化过程,量化土壤储水量、深层渗漏和蒸散发等水文变量的演变特征。结果显示:①农耕地期间年降水的88%为蒸散发消耗,11%为渗漏损失。②苜蓿草地种植后6 a内,蒸散发大幅增加至年降水的108%,土壤水分负平衡,0~4 m土壤储水量以52 mm/a的速率降低;至7~13 a,年降水几乎全部被蒸散发消耗。③苜蓿草地转变为天然草地后,蒸散发量下降31%,土壤水分以45 mm/a的速率逐渐补给,之后年降水量的92%用于蒸散发,8%为渗漏消耗,土壤水分处于相对稳定状态。研究表明不同土地利用方式下的土壤水分平衡模式具有显著差异,种植高耗水植被可造成土壤水分负平衡,导致土壤干燥化,进而对土壤水分补给产生负面效应,改变植被类型可使土壤干层得到有效改善。     

The relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation in Qaidam Basin

To accurately evaluate ecological risks trigged by groundwater exploitation, it must be clarified the relationship between vegetation and groundwater. Based on remote sensing data sets MOD13Q1, groundwater table depth (WTD) and total dissolved solids (TDS), the relationship between groundwater and natural vegetation was analyzed statistically in the main plain areas of Qaidam Basin. The results indicate that natural vegetation is groundwater-dependent in areas where WTD is less than 5.5 m and TDS is less than 7.5 g/L. Aquatic vegetation, hygrophytic vegetation and hygrophytic saline-alkali tolerant vegetation are mainly distributed in areas with WTD <1.1 m. Salt-tolerant and mesophytic vegetation mainly occur in areas with WTD of 1.4-3.5 m, while the xerophytic vegetation isprimarily present in areas where WTD ranges from 1.4 m to 5.5 m. Natural vegetation does not necessarily depend on groundwater in areas with WTD >5.5 m. For natural vegetation, the most suitable water TDS is less than 1.5 g/L, the moderately suitable TDS is 1.5-5.0 g/L, the basically suitable TDS is 5.0-7.5 g/L, and the unsuitable TDS is more than 7.5 g/L.     

USING A COMBINED SLOPE HYDROLOGY/STABILITY MODEL TO IDENTIFY SUITABLE CONDITIONS FOR LANDSLIDE PREVENTION BY VEGETATION IN THE HUMID TROPICS

The susceptibility of cut slopes to landsliding can be reduced in certain circumstances by the establishment of a vegetation cover. However, the hydrological implications of allowing a cover to develop may offset the mechanical benefits of soil reinforcement by roots. The balance between hydrological and mechanical effects is critical on slopes which are susceptible to the development of an infiltration-induced transitory perched water table, a common cause of landslides in deep, tropical residual soils. This balance is likely to change both between slopes of different types as well as temporally on any given slope. The net effect of a vegetation cover must be predicted either before natural vegetation covers are allowed to encroach on bare slopes, or if engineers are considering the use of trees as a protective measure. This paper presents a method of calculating the impact of a vegetation cover on slope stability. Simulations carried out on a wide range of slope types suggest that where failure is most likely to be triggered by infiltration rather than ground water rise, large-scale vegetation covers may contribute to instability. Whether vegetation had a positive or negative impact on slope stability was controlled by the permeability of the soil matrix, whilst the magnitude of impact was controlled by the soil strength and the slope height.     

可吸入颗粒物(PM10)浓度时空变异性及影响因素分析

本文以厦门市为例,首先对PM10平均浓度数据进行趋势性、周期性和空间变异性进行分析,然后分析了气温、降水强度、降水日数、风向等气候因子对PM10浓度变化在时间上的影响,同时使用了交叉相关分析的方法对月平均降水日数和PM10大气污染指数(API)为优(PM10浓度<0.05mg/m3)的月内天数百分比的相关性进行分析,最后利用从遥感影像获取的地表覆盖数据,分析了土地利用类型与局部PM10年平均浓度的关系。分析结果表明：厦门市PM10浓度年内变化无明显的上升和下降的趋势,但有显著的周期性,分别为3、7和29天,气候因素对PM10浓度的变化有显著的影响,其中月平均降水日数对API为优的月内天数百分比的影响有明显的滞后性,滞后周期大约为3个月,局部PM10年均浓度与该地区的土地覆盖类型有明显的相关性,并且植被覆盖的比例越大,该地区的PM10年平均浓度就越小。     

珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化分析

利用1981～2001 年美国NASA Pathfinder NOAA/NDVI 数据, 以1∶100 万植被图为基础, 结 合气温降水资料、DEM数据和2000 年人口空间化数据, 研究了珠穆朗玛峰自然保护区植被变化 空间格局和海拔梯度特征及其影响因素。结果表明: ①1981～2001 年珠峰自然保护区植被变化以 稳定为主, 有5.09%的区域发生严重退化, 13.34%的区域发生退化, 54.31%的区域保持稳定, 26.31%的区域变好以及0.95%的区域植被显著变好。退化和严重退化区域主要分布在保护区南 部, 国境沿线; 植被变好地区集中分布在保护区北部, 雅鲁藏布江南岸。稳定区域位于退化区域和 变好区域之间。植被退化区域主要分布在海拔2400m ~ 4000m 带上。②针叶林、针阔混交林和灌 丛构成了区域植被退化的主体。③从空间上看, 主要是气温变化对植被变化有影响。在海拔梯度 上, 气温变化和坡度共同影响植被变化。④在珠峰自然保护区内, 人类不合理的资源利用方式造 成了部分地区的植被退化。     

基于植被信息遥感反演的东亚飞蝗监测研究

植被是东亚飞蝗发生和成灾的重要指示因子。运用遥感技术对植被生长进行监测,对东亚飞蝗的预测和防治具有重要意义。以河北省黄骅市为研究区,利用实地获取的植被冠层孔隙度数据反算的LAI数据以及Landsat-5 TM影像提取的各种VI数据,进行了LAI(LAI-2000改进型算法的反算结果)与TM影像上反演的VI之间的相关分析。结果表明,RDVI最适合反映研究区植被生长状况。分析RDVI与飞蝗发生面积的关系,发现两者呈负线性相关,即随着RDVI减小,飞蝗的发生面积呈线性增大。     

植被高光谱特征分析及其病害信息提取研究

高光谱(hyperspectral)遥感是20世纪末地球观测系统中最重要的技术突破之一。根据植被高光谱数据的植被冠层光谱反射特征和诊断性光谱吸收特征,利用光谱连续统去除法,探讨光谱一阶微分反射比(FDR)和从连续统去除的光谱吸收特征中获得的波段深度(BD)、连续统去除后微分反射比(CRDR)、波段深度比(BDR)和归一化波段深度指数(NBDI)等光谱特征参量。结合多时相的条锈病小麦PHI航空高光谱影像,分析条锈病对小麦光谱的影响及其光谱特征,并运用光谱特征参量和波谱角制图(SAM)技术监测和识别小麦条锈病。     

基于遥感的民勤绿洲植被覆盖变化定量监测

基于混合像元条件下的TM影像植被覆盖度遥感反演,定量研究了甘肃省民勤绿洲1987年至2001年植被覆盖时空变化的规律与特点。结果表明,15年中,民勤绿洲的植被覆盖发生了很大的变化,农田植被(耕地)面积增加了53.11%,而中、高盖度植被的面积却减少了25.21%,这对民勤绿洲的长久生态安全构成了严重的威胁。民勤绿洲植被覆盖变化的空间转化过程复杂,但总体属于开垦—植被退化型。15年中因开垦和植被退化而损失的中、高盖度植被达42204.81hm2,占原面积的81.73%,而且损失的主要是绿洲边缘的防风固沙植被,其中因开垦损失的面积为18776.08hm2,占损失面积的44.5%。超采地下水引起的地下水位快速下降是导致绿洲边缘天然和人工灌丛植被退化的主要原因。控制开垦并培育相对稳定的灌丛型植被,应该是研究区生态环境建设的重点。     

A new approach for vegetation change detection in urban areas

IntroductionVegetation distribution and change is regardedas ani mportant sign of urban environment . Withcity expanding and population increasing, herecomes a series of problems on environment ,andmoreover ,greening ratio is regarded as a stand-ard of ci…     

红层软岩边坡生态防护技术探讨

红层软岩边坡,土质贫瘠,浅层稳定性差,生态防护失效的现象比较突出。为提高西部红层软岩边坡生态防护的可靠性,在对西部红层软岩地区铁路、公路边坡生态防护状况进行调研和分析的基础上,总结红层软岩边坡生态防护失败的原因,吸取经验教训,提出适于红层软岩边坡的生态防护方法和适合该区栽植的草木品种及配置方法。