Accounting for site effect in probabilistic assessment of seismic hazard for Romania and Bucharest: a case of deep seismicity in Vrancea zone

The paper presents recent achievements in evaluations of site-dependent seismic hazard in Romania and the capital city of Bucharest caused by the Vrancea focal zone (SE-Carpathians). The zone is characterized by a high rate of occurrence of large earthquakes in a narrow focal volume at depths 60–170 km. The database that was used for the hazard evaluation includes parameters of seismicity, ground-motion source scaling and attenuation models (Fourier amplitude spectra), and site-dependent spectral amplification functions. Ground-motion characteristics were evaluated on the basis of several hundred records from more than 120 small magnitude (M 3.5–5) earthquakes occurred in 1996–2001 and a few tens of acceleration records obtained during four large (M 7.4, 7.2, 6.9 and 6.3) earthquakes. The data provide a basis for probabilistic seismic hazard assessment in terms of peak ground acceleration, peak spectral acceleration and MSK intensity using Fourier amplitude spectra for various exceedance probabilities or average return periods. It has been shown that the influence of geological factors plays very important role in distribution of earthquake ground-motion parameters along the territory of Romania.     

Ecological classification of macrophytes and phytobenthos for rivers in Germany according to the water framework directive

A new assessment system for macrophytes and phytobenthos in German rivers meeting the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) of the European Community is described. Biocoenotic types based on biological, chemical and hydromorphological data from over 200 river sites covering the main ecoregions, hydromorphological stream types and degradation forms have been defined. For developing a classification system the quality element macrophytes and phytobenthos was divided into three components: macrophytes, benthic diatoms and remaining phytobenthos. For macrophytes seven types including one subtype, for benthic diatoms 14 types including three subtypes and for the remaining phytobenthos five river types were identified. The benthic vegetation at reference condition was described for most of the river types. Degradation is characterised as deviation in benthic vegetation species composition and abundance from the reference biocoenosis. For classification in five ecological status classes, several metrics were developed and used in combination with existing indices. For some of the described river types additional investigations are necessary before a classification system can be developed.     

异轨遥感立体像对外方位元素的求解算法

在对异轨遥感立体像对外方位元素求解的基本模型进行系统阐述的基础上 ,讨论了基于共面条件的后方交会模型改化方法及其和基于共线方程的后方交会模型的融合。给出了外方位元素初值求解的实用算法 ,并利用实测立体像对数据进行了联合平差计算 ,取得了较好的结果     

Limitations on gyration constants for main symmetry systems of rocks

In the case of propagation of plane elastic waves in anisotropic gyrotropic media, Christoffel tensor is complex; its real part contains stiffnesses and an imaginary part includes components of the fifth-rank gyration tensor. Inequalities relating stiffnesses and gyration constants are derived from the conditions for potential energy to be positive. The necessary and sufficient conditions for the positive definiteness of the complex matrix of stiffnesses and gyration constants are used. Sets of inequalities are obtained for two types of rocks belonging to acentric limit groups ∞∞ and ∞. These inequalities provide a possibility to carry out modelling of elastic wave propagation in the media considered, setting the values of gyration constants not arbitrarily but in accordance with physical laws.     

Ground motion scaling methods for different site conditions and structure characteristics

Non‐linear dynamic time‐history analyses conducted as part of a performance‐based seismic design approach often require that the ground motion records are scaled to a specified level of seismic intensity. Recent research has demonstrated that certain ground motion scaling methods can introduce a large scatter in the estimated seismic demands. The resulting demand estimates may be biased, leading to designs with significant uncertainty and unknown margins of safety, unless a relatively large ensemble of ground motion records is used. This paper investigates the effectiveness of seven ground motion scaling methods in reducing the scatter in estimated peak lateral displacement demands. Non‐linear single‐degree‐of‐freedom systems and non‐linear multi‐degree‐of‐freedom systems are considered with different site conditions (site soil profile and epicentral distance) and structural characteristics (yield strength, period, and hysteretic behavior). It is shown that scaling methods that work well for ground motions representative of stiff soil and far‐field conditions lose their effectiveness for soft soil and near‐field conditions for a wide range of structural characteristics. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主动变刚度结构的动力卸载效应

本文讨论了主动变刚度结构体系AVS(Active Variable Stiffness)的动力卸载效应。结构体系中的AVS控制器关闭或开启瞬时，结构系统刚度分布发生突变，通常也伴随着对系统的能量输入或输出，使得该瞬时结构体系相应受到—加速度增量作用，此增量的方向与结构加速度方向相反，能有效地抑制结构体系的刚度不变层向刚度突变层的动力卸载。此外，文中分析了AVS控制器闭合或开启引起的结构体系相对于原结构的第i阶自振频率摄动，进而讨论了AVS控制器的开关控制律和结构的自振频率摄动及动力卸载效应的相互关系。理论分析和计算结果表明：在合理的结构变形位置闭合或开启AVS控制器，动力卸载效应对结构体系的不利作用及结构体系的频率特性相对于原结构改变很小。     

豫北平原环境水文地质问题分析

通过对豫北平原地下水的综合调查，发现其环境水文地质问题以区域地下水位下降为主，并又导致了泉水消失、湿地减少、地面沉降和地下水污染等次生环境水文地质问题的发生。在环境水文地质问题形成背景和形成条件综合分析的基础上，认为其产生的根本原因是人为活动尤其是地下水的不合理开采破坏了地下水循环系统的天然均衡状态，其演化模式具双向性。最后，提出了减少和防止豫北平原环境水文地质问题的具体措施。     

Unsplit Variables Perfectly Matched Layers for the Shallow Water Equations with Coriolis Forces

The paper presents an analytical and numerical study of two perfectly matched layer (PML) formulations for the shallow water equations in terms of the unsplit physical variables. A perturbation method followed by a change of dependent variable allows us to extend the methods to include the Coriolis forces. The PML equations, usually given in terms of the primitive variables, are also presented here in terms of the conservative variables, which facilitates their use in flows containing discontinuities. The performance of the two methods on a set of test cases is investigated. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

漠滨金矿成矿物理化学条件的水—岩反应实验研究

以漠滨金矿围岩地球化学特征和矿物流体包裹体组成为基础，模拟特定体系水－岩相互作用实验，研究结果表明，漠滨金矿的成矿元素Au主要源于赋矿围岩－－板溪群五强溪组一套浅变质碎屑砂岩、砂质板岩和凝灰质板岩。Cl^-在中低温热液体系中能与Au形成稳定络合物的形式进行运移，因此Cl^-在该区Au成矿过程中起着相当重要的作用。成矿热液流体中Au主要以金硫、金氯络合物形式在溶液中迁移，阴离子∑S、Cl^-对金的活化、迁移及沉淀起主导作用。溶液中硫氯离子浓度、溶液酸碱度及反应温度是金活化、迁移及沉淀的决定性因素。