Variations of δ^18 O in Precipitation along Vapor Transport Paths

Three sampling cross sections along the south path starting from the Tropics through the vapor passage in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the middle-low reaches of the Yangtze River, the north path from West China, via North China, to Japan under the westerlies, and the plateau path from South Asia over the Himalayas to the northern Tibetan Plateau, are set up, based on the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)/WMO global survey network and sampling sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The variations, and the relationship with precipitation and temperature, of the δ^18 O in precipitation along the three cross sections are analyzed and compared. Along the south path, the seasonal differences of mean δ^18 O in precipitation are small at the stations located in the Tropics, but increase markedly from Bangkok towards the north, with the 51so in the rainy season smaller than inthe dry season. The δ^18 O sovalues in precipitation fluctuate on the whole, which shows that there are different vapor sources. Along the north path, the seasonal differences of the mean δ^18 O in precipitation for the stations in the west of Zhengzhou are all greater than in the east of Zhengzhou. During the cold half of the year, the mean δ^18 O in precipitation reaches its minimum at Uriimqi with the lowest temperature due to the wide, cold high pressure over Mongolia, then increases gradually with longitude, and remains at roughly the same level at the stations eastward from Zhengzhou. During the warm half of the year, the δ^18 O values in precipitation are lower in the east than in the west, markedly influenced by the summer monsoon over East Asia. Along the plateau path, the mean δ^18 O values in precipitation in the rainy season are correspondingly high in the southern parts of the Indian subcontinent, and then decrease gradually with latitude. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place due to the very strong rainout of the stable isotopic compositions in vapor in the process of lifting over the southern slope of the Himalayas. The low level of the δ^18 O in precipitation is from Nyalam to the Tanggula Mountains during the rainy season,but δ^18 O increases persistently with increasing latitude from the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau because of the replenishment of vapor with relatively heavy stable isotopic compositions originating from the inner plateau. During the dry season, the mean δ^18 O values in precipitation basically decrease along the path from the south to the north. Generally, the mean δ^18 O in precipitation during the rainy season is lower than in the dry season for the regions controlled by the monsoons over South Asia or the plateau, and opposite for the regions without a monsoon or with a weak monsoon.     

Variations of δ18O in Precipitation along Vapor Transport Paths

Three sampling cross sections along the south path starting from the Tropics through the vapor passage in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau to the middle-low reaches of the Yangtze River, the north path from West China, via North China, to Japan under the westerlies, and the plateau path from South Asia over the Himalayas to the northern Tibetan Plateau, are set up, based on the IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)/WMO global survey network and sampling sites on the Tibetan Plateau. The variations, and the relationship with precipitation and temperature, of the δ18O in precipitation along the three cross sections are analyzed and compared. Along the south path, the seasonal differences of mean δ18O in precipitation are small at the stations located in the Tropics, but increase markedly from Bangkok towards the north, with the δ18O in the rainy season smaller than inthe dry season. The δ18O values in precipitation fluctuate on the whole, which shows that there are different vapor sources. Along the north path, the seasonal differences of the mean δ18O in precipitation for the stations in the west of Zhengzhou are all greater than in the east of Zhengzhou. During the cold half of the year, the mean δ18O in precipitation reaches its minimum at Urumqi with the lowest temperature due to the wide, cold high pressure over Mongolia, then increases gradually with longitude, and remains at roughly the same level at the stations eastward from Zhengzhou. During the warm half of the year, the δ18O values in precipitation are lower in the east than in the west, markedly influenced by the summer monsoon over East Asia. Along the plateau path, the mean δ18O values in precipitation in the rainy season are correspondingly high in the southern parts of the Indian subcontinent, and then decrease gradually with latitude. A sharp depletion of the stable isotopic compositions in precipitation takes place due to the very strong rainout of the stable isotopic compositions in vapor in the process of lifting over the southern slope of the Himalayas. The low level of the δ18O in precipitation is from Nyalam to the Tanggula Mountains during the rainy season,but δ18O increases persistently with increasing latitude from the Tanggula Mountains to the northern Tibetan Plateau because of the replenishment of vapor with relatively heavy stable isotopic compositions originating from the inner plateau. During the dry season, the mean δ18O values in precipitation basically decrease along the path from the south to the north. Generally, the mean δ18O in precipitation during the rainy season is lower than in the dry season for the regions controlled by the monsoons over South Asia or the plateau, and opposite for the regions without a monsoon or with a weak monsoon.     

针对ASTER数据的单窗算法

在对地观测卫星ASTER传感器的15个波段中，有5个(10～14波段)是热红外波段，特别是其中的第13和14波段可以被用来反演地表温度。文中把针对TM影像的单窗算法改进成适应于ASTER传感器的单窗算法，即先对ASTER的13波段(10．25～10．95μm)和14波段(10．95～11．65μm)的，Planck方程进行线性简化，然后用单窗算法分别对ASTER的第13和14波段建立方程，从而形成了针对ASTER传感器的单窗算法，并对参数的获取做了简要的介绍。最后分析了算法的有关应用。     

Nanophase Fe0 in lunar soils

Back scattered electron and transmission electron imaging of lunar soil grains reveal an abundance of submicrometer-sized pure Fe⁰ globules that occur in the rinds of many soil grains and in the submillimeter sized vesicular glass-cemented grains called agglutinates. Grain rinds are amorphous silicates that were deposited on grains exposed at the lunar surface from transient vapors produced by hypervelocity micrometeorite impacts. Fe⁰ may have dissociated from Fe-compounds in a high temperature (>3000°C) vapor phase and then condensed as globules on grain surfaces. The agglutinitic glass is a quenched product of silicate melts, also produced by micrometeorite impacts on lunar soils. Reduction by solar wind hydrogen in agglutinitic melts may have produced immiscible droplets that solidified as globules. The exact mechanism of formation of such Fe⁰ globules in lunar soils remains unresolved.     

不良溶剂对甲基丙烯酸丁酯ATRP反应的影响

以2-溴代异丁酸乙酯[2-（EiB）-Br]为引发剂,CuBr/2,2^1-bpy为催化体系,进行了甲基丙烯酸丁酯（BMA）在丙酮、丙酮/甲醇、丙酮/水中的原子转移自由基聚合,研究了溶剂、温度对聚合反应活性特征的影响.结果表明,水或甲醇的加入,使反应速率有所增加,水的影响最大;在其它反应条件相同时,水或甲醇对反应的影响在低温时更为明显.     

星载微波辐射计反演洋面非降水云区水汽总量的研究

针对AMSR-E的特点,采用物理统计方法,对洋面非降水云区水汽总量(V)的反演进行了模拟研究,并用实测亮温数据对反演算式进行了初步验证。主要结果有:①为了有效解决亮温随V值增加而趋于饱和的问题,采用多元线性回归方法,研究比较了算式中不同亮温函数形式的效果,结果表明,在反演算式中采用ln(T0-TB)形式有更好的回归和反演效果,但这种形式不太适合于V值偏大的情况;②采用逐步回归方法,对各通道不同亮温函数形式的回归因子进行了比较分析,引进了对因变量作用最显著的6个因子,生成了新的反演算式,并且对应于不同V值均有较好的回归和反演效果;③可以根据V值大小的变化分段采用以上两种方法生成的反演算式,实际反演的结果与业务产品基本符合。     

星载微波辐射计反演洋面非降水云区云水总量的研究

云水总量(也可称为液水路径)是一个重要的气象学和云雾物理参数。星载微波辐射计是目前监测全球范围内云水总量分布和变化的最强有力的技术手段。但由于云水总量的实测资料太少,给反演研究带来很大的困难。在本工作中,根据微波辐射传输模式,模拟计算“人工”资料样本,建立了AMSR-E 18.7 GHz~36.5 GHz六个极化通道云天-晴天亮温差与云水总量的线性回归关系,初步对云水总量的反演作了定性的研究。     

2000年第10号台风的水汽分析与试验

本文先用NCEP再分析资料分析了2000年第10号“碧利斯”台风过程福建暴雨的水汽来源,指出本次福建暴雨过程水汽输送来自台风环境场和中低层东亚夏季风。然后用中尺度模式(MM5)模拟分析了中低层水汽变化对台风登陆前后台风暴雨过程的影响,结果表明水汽变化对降水强度、台风自身强度有非常大的影响。单层水汽敏感性试验结果表明,850 hPa层次上水汽对降水的作用最强。