黄河流域湿地景观时空演变格局分析

湿地景观的时空演变及其驱动因素研究是湿地生态恢复与保护的重要参考,本文利用1980—2015年7期黄河流域土地利用数据构建黄河流域湿地矢量数据集,基于景观格局指数对黄河流域湿地的时空演变特征进行定量和定性分析;采用转移矩阵对每两个时期湿地资源的转移类型和数量进行计算与分析。研究结果表明,①1980—2015年,黄河流域湿地率为3.5%,其中自然湿地率约为2.0%,即黄河流域的湿地类型以自然湿地为主。②斑块面积结果显示,黄河流域湿地总面积减少了312.74km²,表现为人工湿地增加,自然湿地减少;自然湿地中沼泽湿地呈增加状态,主要是在2005—2010年增加了979.22km²,滩地呈减少状态,减少了1218.19km²,主要发生在1990—1995年和2005—2010年。斑块密度结果显示,随着河渠和滩地受人为活动影响程度的加大,两者的斑块破碎化程度逐渐加大。最大斑块指数结果显示,水田是黄河流域的主导湿地类型,沼泽和湖泊是自然湿地中的主导湿地类型。③黄河流域湿地类型与非湿地之间转换是黄河流域景观转换的主要组成部分,其中沼泽与滩地是面积发生变化的主要湿地类型。     

2009—2010年云南特大干旱的气候特征及成因

基于云南122个站降水、气温资料分析2009—2010年特大干旱气候的特征。2009年7月至2010年6月云南气温持续偏高,降水持续偏少,干旱从2009年9月出现,一直持续到2010年5月,许多县(市)干旱持续时间接近200 d,单日的重、特旱县(市)站数破1961年以来记录。利用NCEP/NCAR再分析和OLR资料,应用环流分析、水汽输送等方法分析此次干旱形成和持续关键时段2009年9—10月、2010年3月和5月的环流异常。结果表明,2009年9—10月乌拉尔山、青藏高原东部为脊,冷空气活动偏弱;赤道印度洋对流层低层为异常东风、高层为异常西风,导致纬向的季风环流圈偏弱;孟加拉湾、中南半岛对流偏弱;西南季风通道进入云南的水汽输送偏弱,云南上空水汽含量偏少并为异常下沉区。2010年3月欧亚中高纬位势高度距平场为北负南正,以纬向环流为主,冷空气偏北;西太平洋副高与北非副高连通并在低纬形成坝状高压带;南支槽上游地区高度场偏高、为异常下沉区;西风带无明显波动,导致南支槽不活跃,云南处于水汽辐散区。2010年5月欧亚中高纬距平分布为"-+-",低槽和冷空气偏北,西太平洋副高西伸至安达曼海,阻挡了越赤道气流进入孟加拉湾,致使孟加拉湾南部、中南半岛西南季风爆发偏晚,云南为异常西北水汽输送,为水汽辐散区。     

National policy and SMEs in technology transfer: the case of Israel

Increasing the rate of climate technology transfer is a critical concern. The international community facilitates the development and deployment of climate technologies for the needs of the South in two primary ways: first, through the use of multilateral frameworks for technology transfer and, second, through in-country capacity building for research, development, and deployment in developing countries. However, scant attention is given to whether national-level frameworks in industrialized countries can support technology transfer. This issue may be of particular relevance to small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in developed countries, due to their relative lack of experience in international markets. The barriers that prevent SMEs from developing and exporting more technologies to the South are identified, by using Israel as a case study. Although Israel is an important global source of climate technology innovation, it currently does not engage much with the developing world. Four principle barriers to greater involvement of OECD SMEs in technology transfer for climate mitigation in developing countries are: (1) lack of knowledge of market needs in developing economies, (2) lack of financial mechanisms to support R&D, (3) lack of opportunities for partnership building, and (4) lack of support for demonstration sites in developing countries.     

Innovation for sustainable energy from a pro-poor perspective

The development and transfer of clean energy technologies to achieve universal energy access is challenging due to the inherent complexities of the energy sector, and the energy governance and financial systems in developing economies. Innovation is an essential part of successfully addressing these difficulties. Duplicating the energy infrastructure models of developed countries will not be sufficient to meet the needs of poor consumers. To the extent that innovation can accelerate energy access, it is important to understand the specific types of innovations that are necessary and how they might be facilitated. The general features of existing international clean energy innovation systems, which are predominantly driven by the markets and emissions reduction mechanisms of developed and rapidly growing emerging economies, are reviewed and the alignment of these systems to the innovation processes required to extend energy access globally is evaluated. Drawing on the innovation policy literature, the attributes of effective international and domestic energy innovation systems that are pro-poor and the associated policy approaches are identified.     

Intellectual property rights and the transfer of climate change technologies: issues,challenges, and way forward

The role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the development and transfer of climate change technologies has been a contentious issue in negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Irreconcilable differences seem to oppose those who believe IPRs are an inherent barrier to the transfer of climate change technologies and those who argue they are an essential incentive to innovation. After providing an overview of the polarized debate on this issue, this article reviews the existing literature and empirical evidence and looks into some practical initiatives and recent developments. Finally, it seeks to identify a way forward that could help overcome the current stalemate in international deliberations by suggesting a number of parameters to structure the discussion on this complex issue.     

伴随对流层中低层气温持续下降的雪转雨过程分析

利用欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）0.25°×0.25°分辨率细网格模式产品、探空观测资料和风廓线雷达等资料,对2014年2月18日浙江嘉兴雨雪天气过程中降水相态先由雨转雪、再由雪转雨的变化条件进行了分析,并对ECMWF细网格模式产品进行了预报性能检验,结果表明：模式形势预报准确,但未能预报出雪转雨过程。在对流层中低层气温持续降低的情况下,水汽凝结高度不同是造成两次相态转换的主要原因。上午垂直运动加强,水汽充沛,降水粒子的凝结高度高,足以形成大的雪花,在较低的零度层高度以下降落时不至于融化;下午垂直运动减弱,水汽集中在低层,尽管这一高度层的气温在-3～-2 ℃,但是不足以凝结成固态降水,同时地面气温受海上暖平流影响而回升,因此降水相态由雪转雨。     

夏季云顶高于对流层顶事件对东亚天气型及上对流层-下平流层大气结构的影响

采用A-Train系列卫星的AURA/MLS水汽、温度资料,CALIPSO/CALIOP云物理资料,结合ECMWF气象再分析资料,分析了东亚地区云顶高于对流层顶事件(Cloud Top Above the Tropopause,CTAT)的区域分布,及其对上对流层-下平流层(Upper Troposphere and Lower Stratosphere,UTLS)水汽和温度结构的影响。结果表明:亚洲季风区的夏季CTAT发生率是30%~55%,为全球最强区域;东北亚的夏季CTAT发生率是15%~20%,为中纬度最强分布区。以CTAT为指标的合成结果表明:15~30°N的东亚-西太平洋UTLS,水汽呈"上干下湿"的异常分布,温度呈"上冷下暖"的异常分布,该结构与该区域热带气旋合成的结果一致,说明热带气旋是该区域CTAT形成的主要天气系统;35~50°N的东北亚UTLS,水汽呈"上干下湿"的异常分布,温度呈"上暖下冷"的异常分布,该结构与该区域温带气旋合成的结果一致,说明温带气旋是该区域CTAT形成的主要天气系统。     

A diagnostic study of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005)

The precipitation during landfall of typhoon Haitang (2005) showed asymmetric structures (left side/right side of the track). Analysis of Weather Research and Forecasting model simulation data showed that rainfall on the right side was more than 15 times stronger than on the left side. The causes were analyzed by focusing on comparing the water vapor flux, stability and upward motion between the two sides. The major results were as follows: (2) Relative humidity on both sides was over 80%, whereas the convergence of water vapor flux in the lower troposphere was about 10 times larger on the right side than on the left side. (5) Both sides featured conditional symmetric instability [MPV (moist potential vorticity) <0], but the right side was more unstable than the left side. (6) Strong (weak) upward motion occurred throughout the troposphere on the right (left) side. The Q vector diagnosis suggested that large-scale and mesoscale forcing accounted for the difference in vertical velocity. Orographic lift and surface friction forced the development of the asymmetric precipitation pattern. On the right side, strong upward motion from the forcing of different scale weather systems and topography caused a substantial release of unstable energy and the transportation of water vapor from the lower to the upper troposphere, which produced torrential rainfall. However, the above conditions on the left side were all much weaker, which led to weaker rainfall. This may have been the cause of the asymmetric distribution of rainfall during the landfall of typhoon Haitang.     

基于HYSPLIT4的一次四川盆地夏季暴雨水汽路径和源地分析

利用四川省156站气象资料、全球同化系统(GDAS)资料,引入拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型(HYSPLIT4),定量分析了2013年7月7—11日四川盆地西部暴雨的水汽输送情况。结果表明：此次暴雨过程的水汽主要来自950和850 hPa,并且两者的水汽路径和来源有着显著差别。后向追踪1天,950和850 hPa的水汽来源大值区都出现在四川盆地区;追踪3天,950 hPa的水汽来源大值区仍然在四川盆地附近,但是850 hPa上则追踪到孟加拉湾东部;追踪到9天时,950 hPa的水汽主要来源出现在阿拉伯海到我国南海地区,850 hPa上则追踪到索马里半岛东部。总体上950 hPa的水汽输送路径有五条,其中两条是北方路径,另外三条为南方路径。850 hPa的水汽输送路径有两条,一条是北方路径,另一条是南方路径。定量分析指出,950 hPa的水汽源地主要有四个,其中阿拉伯海—孟加拉湾地区的水汽输送贡献率最大（44.1%）,中南半岛—南海地区的水汽贡献率次之（33.1%）,巴尔喀什湖地区（15.7%）和贝加尔湖地区（7.1%）的水汽贡献率相对较弱。850 hPa上的水汽源地也有四个,其中从阿拉伯海地区,沿南亚夏季风爆发路径而来的暖湿空气最重要（89.4%）,其次从西北部巴尔喀什湖—贝加尔湖地区而来的干冷空气相对较弱（6.3%）,而来自孟加拉湾（3%）和局地（1.3%）的水汽则非常少。