Gullying and erosion control at archaeological sites in Grand Canyon,Arizona

Gully erosion of cultural sites in Grand Canyon National Park is an urgent management problem that has intensified in recent decades, potentially related to the effects of Glen Canyon Dam. We studied 25 gullies at nine sites in Grand Canyon over the 2002 monsoon–erosion season to better understand the geomorphology of the gully erosion and the effectiveness of erosion‐control structures (ECS) installed by the park under the direction of the Zuni Conservation Program. Field results indicate that Hortonian overland flow leads to concentrated flow in gullies and erosion focused at knickpoints along channels as well as at gully heads. Though groundcover type, soil shear strength and permeability vary systemat‐ically across catchments, gradient and, to a lesser degree, contributing drainage area seem to be the first‐order controls on gully extent, location of new knickpoints, and ECS damage. The installed ECS do reduce erosion relative to reaches without them and initial data suggest woody checkdams are preferable to rock linings, but maintenance is essential because damaged structures can exacerbate erosion. Topographic data from intensive field surveys and detailed photogrammetry provide slope–contributing area data for gully heads that have a trend consistent with previous empirical and theoretical formulations from a variety of landscapes. The same scaling holds below gully heads for knickpoint and ECS topographic data, with threshold coefficients the lowest for gully heads, slightly higher for knickpoints, and notably higher for damaged ECS. These topographic thresholds were used with 10‐cm digital elevation models to create simple predictive models for gully extent and structure damage. The model predictions accounted for the observed gullies but there are also many false‐positives. Purely topographical models are probably inadequate at this scale and application, but models that also parameterize the variable soil properties across sites would be useful for predicting erosion problems and ECS failure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Focal Mechanism Solutions and Stress Field Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Area

Using the focal mechanism solutions of 24 moderately strong earthquakes in the northern Tianshan area, we carried out system cluster and stress field inversion analysis. The result indicates that, the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes are mainly dipslip reverse faulting in the northern Tianshan area. The principal rupture planes of earthquakes are NW-oriented. It is basically consistent with the strike of earthquake structure in its adjacent area. The direction of the principal compression stress P axis is nearly NS, and its inclination angle is small; while the inclination angle of the principal extensional stress T axis is large. It shows that the regional stress field is mainly controlled by the near-NS horizontal compressive stress. The direction of the maximum principal stress shows a gradation process of NNE-NS-NW from east to west.     

1951—2009年中国地表湿润状况变化趋势研究

利用1951—2009年中国160站的月降水和月平均温度资料,通过计算地表湿润指数,在分析其与降水及气温联系的基础上,探讨了中国区域平均地表湿润指数的年代际变化特征差异,给出了地表湿润指数年趋势的地理分布。结果表明：1951—2009年,中国北方的西北地区东部、华北和东北地区长江中下游地区及东南部分地区以干旱化趋势为主...     

渭北煤田澄合矿区复杂地层钻孔施工技术

渭北煤田澄合矿区属典型复杂地层,钻探施工难度大,钻探效率低。通过对钻探施工中的难点进行分析,总结了本地区钻探施工技术经验,针对钻探施工中存在的厚黄土层钻进、钻孔漏失和坍塌、岩石坚硬、粉煤采取等问题,提出了应对的技术措施和钻进施工工艺。     

上海砂性软土地层水平定向钻进泥浆性能调控技术

上海地区水平定向钻进铺管（HDD）钻遇不易成孔的砂性软土的概率甚高,这种地层对泥浆性能有特殊要求。但目前普遍使用的复配型增效商品土粉基调相近,难以就大量工程个案恰如其分地发挥关键功效。为此,论述了该类工程环境下泥浆性能设计要点,分析了材料添配的作用机理,重点给出了泥浆密度、粘度、切力以及失水量等参数调控的宜于实用的若干配材技术,以提供相类似工程条件下泥浆运用的可参考方法。     

内蒙古河套地区土壤环境质量评价

土壤污染已成为抑制农业可持续发展的一个重要因素,土壤环境质量与研究区的地质条件、自然物理化学条件和人类活动有关。以河套地区多目标区域地球化学调查取得的表层土壤元素资料为依据,参照《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn分级标准,对研究区土壤的单元素环境质量进行分级并评价。以单元素土壤环境质量分级为基础,以单元素中最差的级别作为该单元土壤环境质量综合分级,评价研究区的土壤综合环境质量。通过单元素评价及综合评价认为,研究区内土壤环境质量总体状况优良,大部分地区为绿色、无公害的环境。     

柴达木盆地察尔汗湖相沉积物的粒度分布模式及其环境意义

对柴达木盆地察尔汗地区ISL1A孔的湖相沉积物样品进行了粒度分布特征分析,研究表明：（1）样品的粒度特征呈三峰模式,部分高盐阶段样品缺失第三峰,为双峰模式;（2）2～10 μm部分以湖成组份为主;10～70 μm和70～650 μm部分以风成组份为主;（3）<2 μm的组份可能与湖泊的生物化学成因有关。上述各组份与气候变化密切相关,且各自代表的环境意义也不同：<2 μm和2～10 μm部分反映了湖泊淡化-咸化程度和水量变化过程。10～70 μm部分可能在一定程度上反映了东亚冬季风的强度;70～650 μm部分反映了尘暴天气的程度。环境指标的对比分析很好地验证了ISL1A孔样品粒度各个组份划分的准确性,并可反演92.9 ka以来该地区的古气候演化过程。     

新一代天气雷达布网设计的有效覆盖和地形遮挡分析

一般情况下,地形影响造成的雷达波束遮挡是长期保持不变的。研究雷达地形遮挡情况有助于提升雷达探测资料的有效性和可靠性。利用先进星载热发射和反射辐射仪全球数字高程模型地形数据,对我国已建成的208个新一代天气雷达站点进行地形遮挡分析,计算业务体扫模式(Volume Coverage Pattern modes, VCP)21的九个仰角下200 km范围内雷达反射率的波束阻挡系数,绘制观测仰角分别为0.5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°时雷达有效观测区域的覆盖图,计算相应的有效覆盖面积。结果表明全国新一代天气雷达站200 km范围内0. 5°、1. 45°、2. 4°和3. 35°仰角平均遮挡比例分别为30. 7%、8. 5%、2. 5%和1.0%,平均有效覆盖面积分别为83210.5、109354.2、118170.9、121631.5 km~2,只有少数几个雷达站受邻近山脉地形遮挡影响严重,雷达站总体有效覆盖情况较好。     

The characteristics of Quaternary activity of faults in the sea area near the Yangtze River mouth

Introduction As far as the frequency and magnitude are concerned, the earthquakes in the sea area to the east of Shanghai are far more strong than in land area with the largest one in the sea area near the Yangtze River mouth being MS=436, while in land, only MS=434 occurred on Sept. 1, 1624. As a moderately strong earthquake active area, the sea area near the Yangtze River mouth, may cause a potential risk to Shanghai. In 1971 and 1996, earthquakes with MS=5~6 occurred in this area. Geo…     

南海神狐海域水合物发育区浅表层沉积物甲烷周转定量模拟

在天然气水合物发育区海底沉积物中甲烷厌氧氧化作用(AOM)是碳循环的重要组成部分。通过定量计算表层沉积物中甲烷迁移转化通量,可以更准确评估甲烷来源碳对沉积物碳库和海洋深部碳库影响。本文利用反应―运移模型对采集于南海神狐水合物发育区两个站位(SH-W19-PC、SH-W23-PC)采集的孔隙水SO42-、溶解无机碳(DIC)、Ca2+剖面进行拟合,同时对DIC碳同位素进行分析,确定近海底沉积物中的碳循环。研究显示两个站位孔隙水中SO42-和Ca2+浓度在剖面上随深度呈线性减少,DIC浓度随深度逐渐增加,其δ13CDIC值随深度逐渐降低至约-25‰,表明两个站位存在一定程度的AOM。模拟计算两个站位沉积物孔隙水溶解甲烷向上的通量分别为25.9和18.4 mmol·m^-2 a^-1,AOM作用产生的DIC分别占其总DIC量的70.7%和60%。由沉积物向海水中释放的DIC通量占DIC汇的约60%。因此,在天然气水合物发育区向海底渗漏甲烷大部分以DIC的形式进入上覆海水,这些具有极负碳同位素值的甲烷来源的DIC可能对局部深海碳库产生一定的影响。