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131.
Inclement weather creates a chronic hazard for Canadian travellers. Past studies indicate that road collision rates increase during precipitation, although the magnitude of theincrease varies from study to study, partly as a result of variations in weather and driving conditions,but also because of differences in methods. The goal of the current study is to improve ourunderstanding of the links between weather and travel risk in mid-sized Canadian cities by using astandardized method for analyzing data from six cities with different climates: Halifax-Dartmouth,Ottawa, Québec, Hamilton, Waterloo Region, and Regina. The study has four interrelated objectives: (1) Toconduct a sensitivity analysis to determine the extent to which risk estimates vary depending onthe criteria used to define precipitation events and `normal' conditions; (2) To compare therelative risk of collision and injury during precipitation relative to `normal' conditions; (3) Todetermine the extent to which weather-related risks vary fordifferent Canadian cities; and (4) To explore any differences in collision characteristics between events and controls, especially as theyvary from city to city. Results are based on a matched-pair analysis, using six-hour time blocks over afour-year period, 1995 to 1998. Results indicate only modest sensitivity to the criteria used to define precipitation events and `normal' conditions. On average, precipitation is associated with a 75 percentincrease in traffic collisions and a 45 percent increase in related injuries, as compared to `normal'seasonal conditions, but risk levels vary depending on the characteristics of the weather event.Both sensitivity to specific weather conditions and weather-related accident profiles vary from city tocity in ways that are not easily explained. 相似文献
132.
A monoclinic KAlSi3O8 feldspar Manebach twin boundary was synthesized by diffusion bonding and examined using high-resolution transmission electron
microscopy. The sharp (001) twin boundary is straight and free of strain. The boundary width is smaller than d001. There is no rigid body shift observed at the twin boundary, and the feldspar structure is arranged symmetrically across
(001). The twin boundary structure consists of bridged tetrahedral crankshafts, which are characteristic of the feldspar lattice.
The grain boundary structure is in good agreement with the geometrical model of Taylor et al. (1934). The grain boundary composition
of K1/2H1/2AlSi3O8 differs from their model.
Received: 13 February 2002 / Accepted: 24 December 2002
Acknowledgements We thank M. Rühle, S. Hutt, J. Mayer, A. Strecker and U. Salzberger at MPI, Stuttgart, for their support and valuable advice
in preparing TEM sections of bicrystals. 相似文献
133.
建立一个中等复杂程度的海-气耦合模式研究东、西边界反射,纬向平流项-u′(δ)(T+T′)/(δ)x在ENSO循环位相转换中的作用及东、西边界反射与纬向异常流(u′) 符号改变的关系.结果得到:u′超前Nio3区SSTA位相转变的原因是东、西边界反射造成的.Sverdrup 平衡时所产生的地转流(ur)与东、西边界反射所产生的地转流(ur)的方向在大部分时间里是相反的,同时ur与风应力强迫之间大约有9个月的滞后时间(Kelvin波从180°E出发经东边界反射产生的Rossby波到达180°E时间).在模式ENSO事件消亡过程中的某一时刻以后,边界反射产生的调整过程变为主要过程,u′主要由ur来决定,这样就造成了u′的反向先于Nio区SSTA的反向.它实际上是海洋的调整过程与风应力强迫之间滞后关系的一种反映.敏感性数值试验表明,取消东边界反射,耦合模式能够模拟ENSO循环,但其周期比控制试验的周期短一年(3年).取消-u′(δ)(T+T′)/(δ)x,耦合模式能够模拟ENSO循环,但其周期比控制试验的周期长2年(6年). 相似文献
134.
实验速度场测量技术及对流边界层特征研究 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
在对流槽中对对流边界层(CBL)温度场实验研究的基础上,进一步尝试通过实验技术测量速度场并分析研究CBL中的速度场特征。在应用PIV测量技术时选用铝粉作示踪粒子。实验证明了在混合层中速度分布明显具有对流边界层热泡特性;混合层顶部的速度分布很好地反应出夹卷层的结构特征;湍流速度特征量的垂直分布合理,与野外实测结果和类似的对流槽实验结果接近;误差分析表明示踪粒子的跟随性良好,粒子速度的测量结果能真实地反应流体的运动特征,从而得证了分析结果的可靠性。 相似文献
135.
对下扬子与华南边界结合带东延问题的地球物理探讨 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
以江山-绍兴、铅山-宜春等断裂带作为华南与扬子块体之间的边界结合带,这种认识目前已基本为大家所接受.但是,这条边界结合带向东延伸入海之后的位置与去向一直是多年来研究的热点.本文基于黄、东海研究区的地球物理数据(空间重力数据、布格重力数据和地震层析成像结果),利用方向导数等处理方法,对研究区的地球物理数据进行处理,并对研究区的地球物理场进行了分析,划分出不同的区块.结合研究区的磁力与地质资料,利用各种成图、成像技术,形成一系列分析图件.在此基础上对华南与扬子块体之间的边界结合带进行了追踪.研究结果认为:该结合带的位置有可能比传统认识中自长江口至大黑山群岛的位置更向南一些,在杭州湾-长崎、对马海峡一线,并呈现向北略微凸出的弓形.边界结合带在深度上属于深大断裂带,一直可以追索到上地幔的顶部.与中朝与扬子块体之间的边界结合带相比较,本条结合带的踪迹不是十分清晰.表明加里东运动之后,该结合带的运动明显减弱. 相似文献
136.
A case study of warm air advection over the Arctic marginalsea-ice zone is presented, based on aircraft observations with direct flux measurements carriedout in early spring, 1998. A shallow atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) was observed, which wasgradually cooling with distance downwind of the ice edge. This process was mainly connected with astrong stable stratification and downward turbulent heat fluxes of about 10–20 W m-2, but wasalso due to radiative cooling. Two mesoscale models, one hydrostatic and the other non-hydrostatic,having different turbulence closures, were applied. Despite these fundamental differences betweenthe models, the results of both agreed well with the observed data. Various closure assumptions had amore crucial influence on the results than the differences between the models.Such an assumption was, for example,the parameterization of the surface roughness for momentum (z0) and heat (zT). This stronglyaffected the wind and temperature fields not only close to the surface but also within and abovethe temperature inversion layer. The best results were achieved using a formulation for z0 that took intoaccount the form drag effect of sea-ice ridges together withzT = 0.1z0. The stability within theelevated inversion strongly depended on the minimum eddy diffusivity Kmin. A simple ad hocparameterization seems applicable, where Kmin is calculated as 0.005 timesthe neutral eddy diffusivity. Although the longwave radiative cooling was largest within the ABL, theapplication of a radiation scheme was less important there than above the ABL. This was related to theinteraction of the turbulent and radiative fluxes. To reproduce the strong inversion, it wasnecessary to use vertical and horizontal resolutions higher than those applied in most regional andlarge-scale atmospheric models. 相似文献
137.
We compare flux and concentration footprint estimates of athree-dimensional Lagrangian stochastic dispersion modelapplying backward trajectories with the results of ananalytical footprint model by Kormann and Meixner.The comparison is performed for varying stability regimesof the surface layer as well as for different measurementheights. In general, excellent correspondence is found. 相似文献
138.
利用小震调制比法、动态空区法、震群链式活动轨迹交汇法和短期震中迁移带交汇法这4种地震活动时空图像动态监测方法,结合震源模式中震源和其它单元之间的差异性以及各调整单元、调整层、深浅构造之间的差异性对若干震例进行研究,发现应用不同时段多个异常区边界或空区边界或条带交汇可求得未来强震的位置。交汇法使地震的预报范围大大缩小,这对防震减灾有一定的现实意义。另外,交汇法不仅具有明确的物理基础,而且具有可操作性和普适性。只要异常边界比较正确,采用的又是动态监测方法,这种预测强震位置的思路和方法还可推广到其它各种地震活动性参数和前兆场的分析中。 相似文献
139.
热敏半导体器件中电位与温度满足的方程组,是一个椭圆-抛物耦合组,并带有混合边界条件。利用不动点定理可证明该问题解的存在性。 相似文献
140.