基于方差分量估计的2015年尼泊尔MW7.8地震同震滑动分布

基于三角位错的断层自动剖分方法,联合ALOS-2 InSAR和GPS同震位移数据反演了2015年尼泊尔M_W7.8地震的发震断层参数及滑动分布.反演中基于赫尔默特方差分量估计方法确定InSAR、GPS水平向与垂直向的3种观测位移数据的相对权比.反演结果显示,方差分量估计方法定权得到的最大滑动量5.5 m,大于验前方差定权给出的5.1 m的结果,同时前者显示同震破裂沿东南方向传播至接近M_W7.3最大余震区域,然后分别继续向北和东南传播约30 km,并形成一个滑动空区（slip gap）,而后者的结果没有表现出这种显著的滑动空区特征.方差分量估计定权得到的滑动模型能更好地解释观测到的InSAR同震形变场,其拟合残差标准差较验前方差定权的结果减小了2.5 cm,GPS的东和北分量的残差标准差分别减小了0.4 cm和0.9 cm.与两种不同的基于矩形位错的方法相比,利用方差分量估计的三角位错断层自动剖分方法的滑动误差均值和标准差相对最小,其中均值为0.037 m,标准差为0.028 m,表明该方法得到的滑动模型具有相对更好的无偏性和有效性.     

A middle Miocene post‐rift stress regime revealed by dikes and mesoscale faults in the Kakunodate area,NE Japan

Significant advances were made in the last century in the investigations of the Neogene stress history of the NE Japan arc. However, previous studies have failed to fully resolve middle Miocene post‐rift stress conditions owing to their assumption of Andersonian faulting and an inability to determine maximum and intermediate stress axes from dike orientations. We applied the latest methods of paleostress analysis in this study to igneous dikes and mesoscale faults in the Kakunodate area of the NE Japan arc to elucidate post‐rift stress conditions. Stratigraphic constraints and U–Pb dating indicate that the doleritic and dacitic dikes were formed at 16–12 Ma and 15–12 Ma, respectively. Dolerite and dacite dikes yielded NW–SE extensional stresses with intermediate and low stress ratios, respectively. Mesoscale faults in the middle Miocene formations of the studied area indicated similar stresses. We suggest the sluggish deformations resulting in the dike intrusion and faulting in the normal‐faulting stress regime after the termination of intra‐arc rifting at ca. 15 Ma.     

台湾车笼埔断层深井钻探计划(TCDP)概述

台湾车笼埔断层深井钻探计划(TCDP)是台湾车笼埔断层上进行的科学钻探工程。该计划于2004年开始实施,拟通过深达2 000 M的钻探,获取台湾1999年集集MW7.7地震深部断层带的岩芯样本和流体观测资料,并通过一系列的深井探测和观测研究,分析车笼埔断裂产生剧烈错动的原因。本文介绍了台湾车笼埔断层深井钻探计划(TCDP)的基本情况,论述了TCDP项目的科学假设、工作计划、合作项目以及近期的进展。全面了解TCDP相关内容,对我国大陆进行地震研究和深井钻探工作具有重要借鉴意义。     

深水脐带缆结构阻尼的数值与试验研究

深水动态脐带缆内部结构复杂,其阻尼特性对脐带缆的舞动以及疲劳损伤有着重要的影响。脐带缆在和流体相互作用过程中,脐带缆内部构件可能会产生滑动,进而影响脐带缆的结构阻尼,这也使得真实海况中脐带缆的舞动和疲劳是一项复杂而值得深入研究的课题。为验证有限元模型能够很好地模拟脐带缆的结构阻尼特性,在考虑内部结构单元间摩擦的基础上,利用ANSYS建立了用于中国南海某油田的脐带缆多层滑移接触摩擦模型。同时,采用自由衰减法对该动态脐带缆开展了原型试验,测得了该缆的结构阻尼比与自振周期。通过对比有限元模型计算结果与原型试验结果发现：数值模型获得的该脐带缆的结构阻尼值与试验值非常接近,这为工程中获得脐带缆结构阻尼比的值提供了好的方向。     

A way of estimating the characteristic slip displacement

During the ruptures of an earthquake,the strain energy.△E,.will be transferred into,at least,three parts,i.e..the seismic radiation energy(E_s),fracture energy(E_g),and frictional energy(E_f),that is,△E = E_s + E_g + E_f.Friction,which is represented by a velocity- and state-dependent friction law by some researchers,controls the three parts.One of the main parameters of the law is the characteristic slip displacement.D_c.It is significant and necessary to evaluate the reliable value of D_c from observed and inverted seismic data.Since D_c controls the radiation efficiency.η_R = E_s/(E_s+ E_g),the value of η_r is a good constraint of estimating D_c.Integrating observed data and inverted results of source parameters from recorded seismograms.the values of E_s and E_g of an earthquake can be measured,thus leading to the value of η_R.The constraint used to estimate the reliable value of D_c will be described in this work.An example of estimates of D_c.based on the observed and inverted values of source parameters of the September 20,1999 M_S 7.6 Chi-Chi(Ji-Ji).Taiwan region,earthquake will be presented.     

2013年云南奔子栏M5.9地震发生的地震地质背景

2013年8月31日5.9级地震的震中地区位于川滇菱形块体西北边界附近,地质构造复杂,近SN向的金沙江断裂带与NW向的德钦-中甸-大具断裂在此交会。野外地质、地貌调查结果表明,金沙江断裂带的曾大同断裂、里甫-日雨断裂带、郎中断裂、古学断裂等晚更新世—全新世表现出明显的活动迹象,运动性质以右旋走滑为主,兼有逆冲滑动分量,其全新世右旋水平滑动速率为3.5~4.3mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.9~1.1mm/a。德钦-中甸-大具断裂具明显的右旋走滑兼正断性质,最新活动时代为晚更新世—全新世,水平滑动速率为1.7~2.0mm/a,垂直滑动速率为0.6~0.7mm/a。该断裂与金沙江断裂带一起,共同构成了川滇菱形块体的西北边界。它是青藏高原EW向伸展作用下的一条重要的右旋走滑断裂,起着调节高原物质向SE运动的作用。据地震烈度等震线长轴方向、震源机制解资料和滑坡崩塌体展布位置分析认为,2013年奔子栏M5.9地震的发生与德钦-中甸-大具断裂的活动密切相关。     

Crustal deformation before the 2008 Wenchuan MS8.0 earthquake studied using GPS data

We used GPS velocities from approximately 700 stations in western China to study the crustal deformation before the Wenchuan M_S8.0 earthquake. The processing methods included analyses of the strain rate field, inversion of fault locking and the GPS velocity profiles. The GPS strain rate in the E-W direction in the Qinghai-Tibet block shows that extensional deformation was dominant in the western region of the block (west of 92.5° E), while compressive deformation predominated in the eastern region of the block (from 92.5° E to 100° E). On a regional scale, the hypocentral region of the Wenchuan earthquake was located at the edge of an intense compression deformation zone of about 1.9 × 10⁻⁸/a in an east-west direction. The characteristic deformation in the seismogenic fault was compressive with a dextral component. The compression deformation rate was greater in the fault's western region than in its eastern region, and the strain accumulation was very slow on the fault scale. The results of a fault locking inversion show that the locking fraction and slip deficit was greater in the middle-northern section of the seismogenic fault than in the southern section. The GPS velocity profile before the Wenchuan earthquake shows that the compression deformation was smaller than the dextral deformation, which is asymmetrical with respect to the distribution of co-seismic displacement. These deformation characteristics should provide some clues to the Wenchuan earthquake which occurred in the later period of the earthquake cycle.     

基于Landsat 8光学影像的巴基斯坦Awaran M_w7.7地震形变监测及参数反演研究

2013年9月24日巴基斯坦俾路支省(Balochistan)境内的阿瓦兰县(Awaran)发生了Mw7.7级地震.本文利用覆盖该地区的Landsat 8数据,基于影像配准的方法获取了该次地震的同震形变场,并运用地统计的方法对形变结果进行精度评定.针对传统四叉树算法中近场和远场中采样密度的不均匀性,以及噪音区域对数据降采样和反演结果收敛性的影响,本文提出了改进的四叉树算法对点的密度和形变梯度进行合理兼顾.最后利用光学影像获取的形变结果和数据的精度水平,基于Okada弹性半空间形变模型反演了该地震的震源参数和断层滑动分布.结果表明,地震断层北倾47°,滑动以左旋走滑为主,断层的西南部兼具少量的倾滑运动分量,断层滑动主要集中分布在断层面0~15km深度范围,最大滑动量达10m.反演获得的地震标量矩为4.68×1020 N·m,震级约为Mw7.75级.本文的研究结果可以为该地区的地壳应力变化研究和地震灾害评估提供依据,同时为Landsat 8光学影像应用于地震的形变研究提供参考.     

基于GNSS时空数据的瞬态无震蠕滑信息检测

利用分布活动断层带的GNSS位移时空序列,基于卡尔曼滤波和主成分分析,研究了一套集GNSS时空噪声处理与断层瞬态无震蠕滑信息时空分布检测于一体的方法.基于一阶高斯马尔科夫理论表述了瞬时蠕滑信息与时空噪声的运动状态方程,通过卡尔曼滤波提高了时间域信噪比;根据断层形变高空间相关性的特点,通过主成分时空分析,提高了空间域信噪比.模拟试验结果表明,当断层滑移引起的地表位移大小至少与噪声水平相当时,均可检测得到断层瞬态无震蠕滑时空分布及其滑移特征.以Cascadia慢滑移事件为例,清晰地检测到了两次无震蠕滑信息,分析其蠕滑特征与相关研究结果吻合.通过对滇西2011—2013年陆态网GNSS连续站数据的处理,分析发现了期间有微弱的震后余滑信息,主要表现在澜沧江断裂、红河断裂和小江断裂的南段.其时空分布特征与2011年3月24日的缅甸MW7.2级地震相对应.因此,得出了2011—2013年期间云南地区的断层活动可能与缅甸地震带有着密切的关系的结论.     

Co-seismic fault geometry and slip distribution of the 26 December 2004, giant Sumatra–Andaman earthquake constrained by GPS,coral reef,and remote sensing data

We analyze co-seismic displacement field of the 26 December 2004, giant Sumatra–Andaman earthquake derived from Global Position System observations,geological vertical measurement of coral head, and pivot line observed through remote sensing. Using the co-seismic displacement field and AK135 spherical layered Earth model, we invert co-seismic slip distribution along the seismic fault. We also search the best fault geometry model to fit the observed data. Assuming that the dip angle linearly increases in downward direction, the postfit residual variation of the inversed geometry model with dip angles linearly changing along fault strike are plotted. The geometry model with local minimum misfits is the one with dip angle linearly increasing along strike from 4.3oin top southernmost patch to 4.5oin top northernmost path and dip angle linearly increased. By using the fault shape and geodetic co-seismic data, we estimate the slip distribution on the curved fault. Our result shows that the earthquake ruptured *200-km width down to a depth of about 60 km.0.5–12.5 m of thrust slip is resolved with the largest slip centered around the central section of the rupture zone78N–108N in latitude. The estimated seismic moment is8.2 9 1022 N m, which is larger than estimation from the centroid moment magnitude(4.0 9 1022 N m), and smaller than estimation from normal-mode oscillation data modeling(1.0 9 1023 N m).