Quantitative subsidence-uplift analysis of the Bajo Segura Basin (eastern Betic Cordillera, Spain): tectonic control on the stratigraphic architecture

The Bajo Segura Basin is located in the eastern Betic Cordillera, at present connected with the Mediterranean Sea to the east. It has a complete stratigraphic record from the Tortonian to the Quaternary, which has been separated into six units bounded by unconformities. This paper is concerned with the northern edge of the basin, controlled by a major strike–slip fault (the Crevillente Fault Zone, CFZ), where the most complete stratigraphic successions are found. The results obtained (summarised below) are based on an integrated analysis of the sedimentary evolution and the subsidence-uplift movements. Unit I (Early Tortonian) is transgressive on the basin basement and is represented by ramp-type platform facies, organised in a shallowing-upward sequence related to tectonic uplift during the first stages of movement along the CFZ. Unit II (lower Late Tortonian) consists of shallow platform facies at bottom and pelagic basin facies at top, forming a deepening-upward sequence associated with tectonic subsidence due to sinistral motion along the CFZ. Unit III (middle Late Tortonian) is made up of exotic turbiditic facies related to a stage of uplift and erosion of the southern edge of the basin. Unit IV (upper Late Tortonian) consists of pelagic basin facies at bottom and shallow platform facies at top, defining a shallowing-upward sequence related to tectonic uplift during continued sinistral movement on the basin-bounding fault. Units V (latest Tortonian–Messinian) and VI (Pliocene–Pleistocene p.p.) consist of shallowing-upward sequences deposited during folding and uplift of the northern margin of the basin. No definitive evidence of any major eustatic sea-level fall, associated with the ‘Messinian salinity crisis’, has been recorded in the stratigraphic sections studied.     

Late Pleistocene and Holocene slip rate of the Northern Wadi Araba fault, Dead Sea Transform, Jordan

The Wadi Araba Valley is a morphotectonic depression along part of theDead Sea Transform (DST) plate boundary that separates the Arabian plateon the east from the Sinai subplate on the west. The Wadi Araba fault(WAF) is the main strike-slip faults one of between the Gulf of Aqaba and the E-Wtrending Khunayzira (Amatzayahu) fault that bounds the southern end ofthe Dead Sea. Just south of the Dead Sea, the WAF cuts across severalgenerations of alluvial fans that formed on tributaries to the Wadi Dahalafter the regression of Late Pleistocene Lake Lisan ca. 15 ka. Geomorphicand stratigraphic evidence of active faulting, including left-laterally offsetstream channels and alluvial-fan surfaces, yielded fault slip-rate data for thenorthern segment of WAF. Typical cumulative displacements of 54 m,39 m, and 22.5 m of stream channels and alluvial-fan surfaces acrossthe fault were measured from detailed geologic and topographic mapping.The 54 m offset of the oldest alluvial-fan surface (Q _f1 ) occurredafter the final lowering of Lake Lisan (16–15 ka) and before 11 ka yieldinga slip-rate range of 3.4 mm/yr to 4.9 mm/yr. Based on radiocarbonages of charcoal and landsnail shell samples from the buried Q _f2 alluvial-fan deposits exposed in trenches excavated across the fault, the39 m and 22.5 m offsets occurred after 9 ka and 5.8 ka, respectively. These data yield a slip-rate range between 3.9 mm/yr and 6.0 mm/yr.The small variability in these slip-rate estimates for different time periodssuggests that the northern Wadi Araba fault has maintained a relativelyconstant slip rate in the past 15 ka. We calculate an average slip rate of 4.7± 1.3 mm/yr since 15 ka based on the three separate displacementsand age estimates. Five separate offsets of 3 m were measured from gullybends and the offset of small fault-scarp alluvial fans. These displacementdata suggest a coseismic slip of 3 m in the last earthquake, or acumulative slip of 3 m in the past few earthquakes. A maximum slip of3 m correspond to a Mw 7 earthquake that ruptures about 49 km offault length. Using an average slip rate of 4.7 ± 1.3 mm/yr togetherwith a 3-m slip-per-event suggests a maximum earthquake recurrence intervalof this fault segment of 500 to 885 years.     

台阶式加筋土挡墙的原型试验研究

对一座台阶式钢筋混凝土串联拉筋加筋土挡墙的筋带应力、土侧向压力、土竖向压力及挡墙变形进行了实测和分析, 所得结论可供设计类似支挡结构时参考。     

Using Bayesian belief networks to analyse the stochastic dependence between interevent time and size of earthquakes

The purpose of this article is to show how Bayesian belief networks can beused in analysis of the sequence of the earthquakes which have occurred in a region, to study the interaction among the variables characterizing eachevent. These relationships can be represented by means of graphs consistingof vertices and edges; the vertices correspond to random variables, whilethe edges express properties of conditional independence. We have examinedItalian seismicity as reported in two data bases, the NT4.1.1 catalogue and the ZS.4 zonation, and taken into account three variables: the size of thequake, the time elapsed since the previous event, and the time before the subsequent one. Assigning different independence relationships among these variables, first two couples of bivariate models, and then eight trivariatemodels have been defined. After presenting the main elements constituting a Bayesian belief network, we introduce the principal methodological aspects concerning estimation and model comparison. Following a fully Bayesian approach, prior distributions are assigned on both parameters and structuresby combining domain knowledge and available information on homogeneous seismogenic zones. Two case studies are used to illustrate in detail the procedure followed to evaluate the fitting of each model to the data sets andcompare the performance of alternative models. All eighty Italian seismogenic zones have been analysed in the same way; the results obtained are reportedbriefly. We also show how to account for model uncertainty in predicting a quantity of interest, such as the time of the next event.     

多期断层擦痕的硬划分:一种目标函数算法

提出一种基于硬划分的目标函数法 ,它能够识别多期断层擦痕数据。这是通过在Fry(1999)的Sigma空间里对数据内在的线性构造的识别来实现的。与其它的应力反演法不同 ,目标函数法在原理上相对完善。为了检验此方法 ,在设定的应力张量下由ManteCarlo法生成“人工”断层擦痕数据。计算结果表明 ,目标函数法能够很好地识别多期断层擦痕数据。应力估测的准确度取决于断层擦痕数据的误差和不同构造期应力张量之间的相似性。随着断层擦痕数据误差范围的加大 ,应力估测的准确度趋向降低。当断层擦痕数据存在误差时 ,越是相似的设定应力张量 ,其估计准确度也就越低。不同期构造应力的彼此相似往往与构造应力场微妙或细部的时空变化有关。在从多期断层擦痕数据里识别出相似的不同期构造应力上 ,目标函数法有所突破 ,进而有助于深入认识地质构造的形成。     

吉林省夹皮沟金矿区控矿构造研究

夹皮沟金矿受夹皮沟断裂的一系列次级脆性构造控制，按构造性质可划分为NW向、NE—NEE向、近SN向3种控矿构造类型。其中NW向构造显示左行剪切特征，NE—NEE向构造显示右行剪切特征，近SN向构造显示压性特征。经研究提出区内控矿断裂的形成与中生代敦化一密山断裂大规模左行平移有关；NE向敦化一密山断裂与次级平行分布的两江断裂左行平移，使早期形成的夹皮沟压性断裂显示左行压扭特征，诱导应力场派生出一系列NW向、NE—NEE向的剪切断裂，以及近SN向的压性断裂。这3组断裂成为本区员主要的容矿构造。     

Generalized solution procedure for automated slope stability analysis using inclined slices

In this paper, a general method has been developed for slope stability analysis to determine the critical slip surface and the corresponding factor of safety using inclined slices satisfying both force and moment equilibrium equations. The problem is one of constrained nonlinear programming. The same is converted to an unconstrained one using extended penalty function method wherein a composite function is developed by blending the objective function and the constraints. The composite function so developed is then minimized adopting sequential unconstrained minimization technique, for a decreasing sequence of penalty parameter. The predicted critical shear surface so obtained has been compared with the results obtained from model tests and the theoretical values reported in critical slip surface and the corresponding minimum factor of safety. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

遗传算法在边坡地震稳定性分析中的应用

基于遗传算法和拟静力简化毕肖普法提出搜索地震作用下最危险滑动面及相应的最小安全系数的方法。阐述了应用遗传算法搜索最危险滑动面的计算过程和原理。开发了基于遗传算法的拟静力简化毕肖普数值法的计算和数据处理程序。在固定一个出逸点的情况下,分别绘制了有地震作用及没有地震作用下的安全系数分布图。数值算例表明,所建立的基于遗传算法的岩土边坡地震稳定性分析方法,是一种全局优化搜索算法,能够有效克服经典搜索方法易陷入局部极小值的缺点。从安全系数分布图可以看出,地震对安全系数分布情况影响很小,但扩大了安全系数低值区。