TurboEdit 算法初始阶段周跳探测问题的理论分析

对文献中提出的T urboEdit算法初始阶段周跳探测有关问题进行了深入的理论分析。基于两个假设前提,推证了 T urboEdit算法中所给迭代公式的最小二乘平差实质;结合不同历元迭代公式所满足的概率及置信区间,对可能造成周跳探测不准的原因进行了统计意义上的解释。文中结果表明：T urboEdit算法的成功率仍然主要依赖伪距观测值的精度,在一定的精度水平下,不仅可能存在初始阶段周跳探测不准的问题,其他历元也同样存在周跳探测不准的问题;平差问题自由度较大程度上影响了初始阶段的周跳探测。     

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????4?????е?????????????????????????Okada?????????λ???????????????λ???????????????????????λ?????????????????GPS???λ??????ж??????????????????????????????о????????????λ?????????λ??????????????????????????????????????????????????λ?????????λ?????GPS????????????????????в?????Δv-?0.007 m???в?Э????????tr??Σ???0.006 m????????????????????????λ??????????????????????????????S2A??=7.170 16 m??2????S2B=91.407 7 m??2???????????λ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????λ?????????????????????     

山东及附近区域地震断层错动性质与地壳应力场特征

利用P、SH、SV波的初动及振幅比获得2001年4月至2012年8月山东及附近区域132次地震震源机制解,对该区域地震断层的错动性质及地壳应力场特征进行分析.结果表明,山东及附近区域地震断层错动的基本方向为北东向和北西向,错动方式以走向滑动为主,部分为斜向滑动.分区研究表明：聊考断裂带附近区域所受挤压作用相对较强,逆断型地震破裂较多;胶东半岛及北侧海域所受拉张作用略占优势,逆断型地震破裂较少;沂沭断裂带南部附近区域逆断型与正断型的地震破裂所占比例差别不大.     

Theoretical and quantitative analyses of the fault slip rate uncertainties from single event and erosion of the accumulated offset

Fault slip rate is one of the most important subjects in active tectonics research, which reveals the activity and seismic potential of a fault. Due to the improvement of dating precision with the development of dating methods, Holocene geological markers, even the young markers of thousands or hundreds of years old, are widely used in fault slip rate calculation. Usually, uncertainties from a single event and erosion of the accumulated offsets are involved in fault slip rate determination. Two types of uncertainties are related to a single event; the first is the time elapsed since the latest (the most recent) event; the second is the period since the formation of the geological marker to the occurrence of the first event. High‐slip‐rate faults are more sensitive to these uncertainties than low‐slip‐rate faults. In this study, we studied quantitatively the effects of a single event on fault slip rate following the three classic earthquake models: the characteristic earthquake, uniform slip and variable slip models. We suggest that the erosion of the accumulated offset–lateral erosion on a strike‐slip fault, should also be considered in fault slip estimation. Therefore, we propose a differential method to obtain a reliable fault slip rate. In the differential method, the slip rate is the ratio of offset differentials and corresponding age differentials between the older and younger terraces along strike‐slip faults. This kind of differential method could avoid the uncertainties from the first and latest events, as well as that from the lateral erosion. By applying the differential method, we got the revised slip rates of ∼5–10 mm/year on the Altyn Tagh and Kunlun faults. These low slip rates could fit previous geodetic and geological fault slip rates and shortening rates as well as the millennial recurrence intervals of strong earthquakes along the major segments of these faults.     

莲花山断裂带汕尾段韧性剪切带浅层滑塌特征与成因机制

深汕特别合作区是莲花山断裂带的主要展布区,2条大型韧性剪切带从深汕区南北两侧穿过。2015年以来,区内韧性剪切带内（简称“带内”）产生了大量的浅表滑塌,发生密度远高于周边山体。因为深汕特别合作区地质灾害风险区划的需要,有必要查明带内浅层滑塌的特征与分布规律,分析其成因机制,预测其发展变化趋势。文章通过地面调查与遥感解译,查明了带内浅层滑塌的单体规模为小型,滑塌主要沿基岩面产生,滑塌体主要是土体与全风化岩体;利用信息量模型分析浅层滑塌规律,得出滑塌密度与韧性变形程度（强烈→中等→弱）、距脆性断裂的距离（近→远）、地形坡度（高→低）呈正相关,其分布密度与地貌单元、坡向、原岩类型、斜坡类型也有较强的关联。结合区域地质、勘探、气象等资料,分析得出带内浅层滑塌是在以剪切为主的多期构造作用影响形成的较弱本底条件下,在山区地块现今缓慢上升的背景下,在台风迭加暴雨的诱发下产生的,其发展变化具有迁移性、自愈性、扩展性的特点;带内斜坡在经历了2015年“彩虹”台风期间普遍性滑塌事件后,产生浅层破坏的敏感性下降,需要较长时间孕育才能进入下一次爆发期。     

Slope stability analyzing using recent swarm intelligence techniques

Slope stability analysis of soil with a weak layer sandwiched between two strong layers is considered as a complex geotechnical problem. In this problem, the objective function is non‐convex and discontinuous with the presence of multiple strong local minima. Classical optimization techniques fail to converge to a valid solution unless a proper initial trial is adopted. Even though many new optimization algorithms have emerged, they have not been applied to geotechnical problems yet. In the present study, some recent swarm intelligence algorithms are adopted for some complicated example of slope stability problems and benchmarked with the traditional particle swarm optimization algorithm. From the results, it seems the levy flight krill herd algorithm is the most efficient method over proposed algorithms for this kind of problem. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西藏中部格仁错断裂带活动特征及分段研究

格仁错断裂是西藏中部的一条重要断裂,在对该断裂进行ETM遥感影像解译基础上,分析总结认为该断裂带为由一组北西走向的雁列断裂组成.根据野外实地考察断裂对冰水冲积扇、冲积阶地、冲沟及山脊位错等判断,北西向主要断裂以右旋为主,兼有张性正断性质,但在不同段落断裂结构及活动性质有所不同.根据断裂结构和活动性差别,并考虑受南北向申...     

2008年于田Ms7.3地震地表破裂带特征及其构造属性讨论

新疆于田M<‘s>7.3地震发生在西昆仑块体与昆仑-柴达木-祁连块体之间的阿尔金断裂西南端NE向张剪切段邻近区域,也是阿尔金断裂、康西瓦断裂和昆仑断裂带西端玛尔盖茶卡断裂等交会部位,对理解青藏高原的变形及其动力学演化过程具有十分重要的作用.高分辨率卫星影像解译和野外考察表明,于田地震在阿什库勒火山群南部玉龙喀什河源头近...     

2010年玉树地震震前甘孜-玉树断裂形变场分析

2010年4月14日青海玉树MW6.9地震发震断层为甘孜-玉树断裂NW段.断裂错动速率的准确估计能够为认识发震断裂的结构和地震的孕震过程提供帮助,甘孜-玉树断裂周边地区(89°～103°E,28°-39°N)1999-2007年的GPS观测使之成为可能.去除受到断裂锁定效应或其他断裂位错影响的数据后,将跨断裂剖面上的台...     

中国西部走滑型活动断裂的地震破裂参数与震级的经验关系

为建立中国西部走滑型活动断裂的滑动速率、破裂参数与震级之间的经验关系,系统搜集和整理了中国西部地区30个大地震的震级以及发震断裂(段)的活动参数和破裂参数资料,包括断裂(段)长度、滑动速率、最大位错等及其不确定性.为考虑各种参数的不确定性,采用蒙特卡罗( MonteCarlo)方法,对各种参数进行最小二乘法回归分析,给...