Tectonic geomorphology of the Triglav Lakes Valley (easternmost Southern Alps, NW Slovenia)

We present a study on the impact of litho-structural setting and neotectonic activity on meso- and macro-scale relief production in Alpine areas. The topography of the high alpine Triglav Lakes Valley, NW Slovenia, was studied by means of detailed mapping and stratigraphic study of the valley. The Triglav Lakes Valley is characterised by a generally asymmetric transverse (E–W) profile: a very steep eastern slope, a relatively flat valley and a relatively gentle western slope. On the transverse profile the valley floor is essentially flat, gently dipping towards the east. In the longitudinal cross-section, however, the valley floor is marked by sharply-defined fault blocks extending in a W–E to NW–SE direction. Additionally, the highest block (elevations  2100 m) is in the northern part of the valley, the lowest (elevations  1600 m) in the southern part of the valley. Our research shows that the Triglav Lakes Valley directly represents the topographic expression of Paleogene–Neogene thrusting and faulting, having recorded the following geomorphologic evolutionary stages: 1. an Oligocene to early Miocene W-vergent thrusting phase, with steep W-facing slopes of the eastern part of the valley directly representing the thrusting front; and 2. a Neogene-to-present strike–slip faulting in NNE–SSW direction with two bifurcating right-lateral strike–slip systems. We show that the Triglav Lakes Valley almost perfectly mimics the wedge-shaped damage zone located between these faults.     

Co-seismic Slip Distribution of the 2001 Kokoxili Earthquake Inverted by the GPS Data

INTRODUCTIONThe Kokoxili earthquake,which ruptured the East Kunlun fault in northern Tibet on November14,2001,is the largest earthquake that has occurred on the Chinese continent in the past50yearsever since the Moto,TibetM8.0earthquake of August15,1950.The macro hypocenter of thisearthquake is located in the north of Bukadaban Peak at36.2°N,90.9°E,MS=8.1(ChineseSeismological Network),or the west of Bukadaban Peak at36.01°N,90.49°E,MW=7.9(USGSNEIC),or near the Kusai Lake …     

滇西南地区澜沧断裂全新世滑动速率与走滑起始时间探讨

通过卫星影像解译、野外实地调查和地质填图,获得滇西南地区澜沧断裂的基本特征和活动性参数,澜沧断裂属于龙陵—澜沧新生地震断裂带的东南段,北起耿马县联合村,向南东经澜沧县哈卜吗、战马坡、大塘子至澜沧县城东南,总体走向NNW,长度约85km。该断裂为一条全新世活动的右旋走滑断裂,兼具倾滑分量,沿断裂形成了丰富的断错地貌现象,主要表现为断层陡崖、冲沟右旋、断层陡坎、断层沟槽、断层垭口和断陷凹坑等。通过详细的野外考察,选择典型断错地貌进行差分GPS测量,结合所获相应地貌面的年代数据,得到该断裂全新世以来平均右旋走滑速率为(4.2±2.3)mm/a,其结果与现今GPS观测所得速率相当,反映了该断裂长期以来滑动速率的稳定性。同时根据岩体的最大位错量4.6~4.8km,估算断裂开始右旋走滑的时代为距今约1.1 Ma,即早更新世晚期。     

On strong ground motion synthesis with k −2 slip distributions

This study deals with the methodical aspects of k ^–2(Bernard et al., 1996) kinematic strong motions modelling: (1) it is shown how to incorporate the k-dependent rise time for 2D fault geometry in the strong motion synthesis according to the representation theorem, (2) it is suggested how to produce realistic k ^–2 slip models including asperity(ies), (3) modifications are introduced concerning the typeof used slip velocity function and the corner wave number in the slip distribution. High frequency effects of these generalized models are discussed.It is shown that, assuming the rise time proportional to the spatial slip wavelength at high wave numbers, the spectral decay of displacement at frequencies higher than the corner frequency is given just by the decay ofthe slip distribution spectrum, regardless of the type of slip velocity function. It is shown numerically that this model provides -squared source spectrum even in a vicinity of a 2D normal fault buried in 1D structure, which is an agreement with previous studies.     

青海乌兰盆地东缘断裂带的新活动特征

在青海乌兰盆地东缘山前冲洪积扇上新发现了一条长约 2 2km的逆冲断裂带 ,该断裂带是NNW向的鄂拉山右旋走滑断裂带北段西侧的次级挤压构造。其新活动受主断裂带的制约和影响 ,地貌上表现为明显的正向断层陡坎。晚更新世以来其垂直滑动速率为 0 11～ 0 17mm/a ,全新世晚期的垂直滑动速率为 0 35mm/a。综合探槽剖面及断层陡坎年代可以确定四次古地震事件 ,其年代分别为距今 2 4 6 5 0± 85 0a、 14 2 0 0± 70 0a、 5 2 0 0±5 2 0a和 2 2 5 0± 380a ,古地震活动具有不均匀性。     

2008年汶川地震破裂的滑移向量

估计同震滑移向量对于认识和理解破裂方式和破裂过程具有重要意义。2008年汶川大地震在青藏高原东缘龙门山推覆构造带的中央断裂和前山断裂上各形成了一条长250 km和72 km的地表破裂带。地震发生后至今,已经发表了大量有关同震位错沿破裂带分布的论文和报告,但绝大部分都仅仅是破裂的走向位错和垂直位错,极少有同震滑移向量的报道。这不仅是因为野外难以直接测量到水平缩短量(或拉张量),而且还因为这些走滑位错实际上是视走滑位错,部分或全部来自水平缩短或拉张。因此,仅仅根据视走滑同震位错和垂直同震位错估计的同震总滑移量肯定包含了相当大的误差。尝试利用据不同走向参考线测量到的一组(两个以上)视走滑位错来计算水平滑移向量的这一新方法,获得了中央破裂带上的7个水平同震滑移向量,并结合垂直位错量进一步计算了走滑、倾滑和水平缩短三个同震滑移分量以及断层倾角和破裂面上的同震滑移向量,综合出露破裂面的擦痕所指示的滑移向量,并对比根据矩张量解获得的震源深度的滑移向量,得出以下认识:(1)破裂南段的地表滑移向量的方位角明显小于震源深度滑移向量的方位角,表明在破裂从震源向地表传播过程中破裂面上的滑移向量发生了逆时针旋转;(2)滑移方位角向北东方向逐渐增大,表明地平面上水平滑移向量表现出顺时针旋转的趋势,而且在破裂向北东方向传播过程中近地表的走滑分量逐渐减小而倾滑分量逐渐增大;(3)几乎在每一个观测点倾滑分量都大于走滑分量,表明汶川地震的破裂方式在任何地点都是以逆冲运动为主;(4)破裂面倾角在10.4°～64.7°,平均值为41°,与天然破裂露头和探槽揭示的结果基本一致;(5)滑移向量沿破裂带的分布显示,走滑分量中段大而两端小,倾滑分量则相反,中段小两端大。     

青藏高原东北缘断层泥的研究

本文对青藏高原东北缘一些主要断裂（包括阿尔金、昌马、毛毛山等断裂）的断层泥首次进行了研究。在对断裂带的内部结构、围岩成分、断层泥的厚度及石英颗粒表面特征等综合分析的基础上对断裂的活动年代、活动方式及断层泥形成的深度进行了讨论。石英颗粒表面上溶蚀程度（颗粒表面的光滑程度、凹凸现象及孔洞发育情况）可划分为６种类型并且每种类型都有相应的年代。根据断裂的粘滑、蠕滑特征，对该区的各活动断裂进行了粘滑段与蠕滑段的划分。用红外光谱与稀土元素的分析结果，算得断层泥形成的深度在地壳１０ｋｍ范围内。     

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTING OF JIALI FAULT

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTING OF JIALI FAULT1　ChungS ,LoC ,LeeT ,etal.DiachronousupliftoftheTibetanplateaustarting 40Myrago[J].Nature ,1998,394:76 9～773. 2　ColemanM ,HodgesK .EvidenceforTibetanplateauupliftbefore 14Myragofromanewminimumageforeast westexten sion[J].Nature ,1995 ,374:49～ 5 2 . 3　HarlandWB ,ArmstrongRL ,CoxAV ,etal.Ageologictimescale 1989[J].Cambridge ,U .K :CambridgeUnivPress,1990 . 4　HarrisonTM ,CopelandP ,KiddWSF ,etal.RaisingTibet[J].…     

Selected aspects of the stability assessment of slopes with the assumption of cylindrical slip surfaces

A comprehensive analysis of maintaining stability by model homogeneous and stratified slopes, with possible surcharge loading, is carried out within the article. Calculations are performed by the Swedish method of Fellenius under the assumption of a cylindrical slip surface passing through the slope foot. Proposals for searching for the reach of the break-off wedge of a potential slip surface are put forward. An analysis of the effect of surcharge load location on general slope stability is also made, providing the capability to determine the safe distance of positioning of an excavator on the surcharge of a non-encased excavation.