Mechanism of the Anlesi landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Many gentle dip translational rock slides have taken place in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. In order to study the mechanism of these translational rock slides, the authors use the Anlesi landslide as a typical case study to investigate in detail. Field investigations show that the slip zones of the Anlesi landslide were formed from a white mudstone in Jurassic red strata. X-ray diffraction and infrared ray analysis showed that the main mineral components of the slip zones are montmorillonite, illite, feldspar and quartz. Laboratory tests indicate that the slip zone soils are silty clay, of medium-swelling potential, the shear strength decreasing significantly as the slip zone attracts water and saturates.The main factors contributing to the Anlesi landslide are recent tectonic activity, incompetent beds, and intensive rainfall. Recent tectonic activity had caused shear failure along the incompetent beds, and joints within the sandstone. With the effect of intensive rainfall, water percolates to the incompetent beds along tectonic fissures, resulting in swelling of the soil material and high groundwater pressures within fissures in the strata. As a consequence, the Anlesi slope is prone to slide along these incompetent beds.Flac3D software was used to simulate the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide considering the rheological properties of soil and rock. The simulation results demonstrate that the stress, displacement and failure area changes with simulated creep time. The maximum displacement in the X direction reaches 7.59 m after 200-year simulated creep. Therefore, the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide can be illustrated considering the rheological properties of Jurassic red strata.     

Investigation of fractal distribution law for the trace number of random and grouped fractures in a geological mass

A fractal study method of the number of geological mass fractures is introduced in detail in this paper. Three main aspects of the problem were studied: (1) The random distribution of fractures in a geological mass was in good agreement with the fractal law. The size scale of the studied geological mass ranged from 2400 m to 1 mm for the length of each side, and the geological mass samples were taken from 13 coal areas in China. (2) The geological mass fractures were evidently directional and anisotropic, having originated from tectonic movement. Observation and statistics for the data from the Xuangang, Fenxi and Dongshan coal areas in Shanxi, China, demonstrated that the fracture distribution of each group, classified by the strike of the strata, still follow the fractal law, even though the fractal dimension varies to a certain extent with different strikes. (3) The sedimentary strata containing the coal seams, as a geological mass, underwent almost similar tectonic movements in their geological history. The mechanical experiments on geological mass samples from Fenxi and Jiexiu in Shanxi demonstrated that the fractal dimension of the number of fractures in the same strata is in good power function with the product of strength and elastic modulus. The larger the product of the strength of the elastic modulus is, the larger is the fractal dimension, and vice versa.     

The active layer in gravel-bed rivers: An empirical appraisal

The vertical position of the streambed–water boundary fluctuates during the course of sediment transport episodes, due to particle entrainment/deposition and bedform migration, amongst other hydraulic and bedload mechanisms. These vertical oscillations define a topmost stratum of the streambed (i.e. the ‘active layer or active depth’), which usually represents the main source of particles entrained during long and high-magnitude bedload transport episodes. The vertical extent of this layer is hence a capital parameter for the quantification of bedload volumes and a major driver of stream ecology in gravel-bed rivers. However, knowledge on how the active depth scales to flow strength and the nature of the different controls on the relation between the flow strength and the active depth is still scarce. In this paper we present a meta-analysis over active depth data coming from ~130 transport episodes extracted from a series of published field studies. We also incorporate our own field data for the rivers Ebro and Muga (unpublished), both in the Iberian Peninsula. We explore the database searching for the influence of flow strength, grain size, streambed mobility and channel morphology on the vertical extent of the active layer. A multivariate statistical analysis (stepwise multiple regression) confirms that the set of selected variables explains a significant amount of variance in the compiled variables. The analysis shows a positive scaling between active depth and flow strength. We have also identified some links between the active depth and particle travel distances. However, these relations are also largely modulated by other fluvial drivers, such as the grain size of the bed surface and the dominant channel macro-bedforms, with remarkable differences between plane-bed, step-pool and riffle-pool channels. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

主成分分析法在地区综合实力评价中的应用

地区综合实力反映一个地区社会经济系统的发展水平。主成分分析法能够在保证原始数据信息损失最小的情况下,以少数的综合变量取代原有的多维变量,使数据结构大为简化,并且客观地确定权数,避免了主观随意性．因而是地区综合实力评价的一种有效方法。通过主成分分析,可以全方位地了解各个地区社会经济系统的发展水平及其差距。     

细粒含量对冰碛土抗剪强度影响的实验研究

为研究细粒组颗粒在浸水/降雨条件下产生迁移对冰碛土抗剪强度的影响,从西藏林芝市帕隆藏布嘎隆寺沟流域内采取冰碛土样品,进行7种不同细粒（粒径小于2 mm）含量情况下的冰碛土比重和相对密度的测试,开展了不同围压下的大型饱和固结不排水三轴（CU）实验。结果表明：（1）细粒含量对干密度的影响较小,不同细粒含量的冰碛土孔隙比大致相同,细颗粒对孔隙具有改造作用,不同细粒含量会引起孔隙结构的差异,从而导致冰碛土的结构差异,最终导致抗剪强度的不同;（2）细颗粒迁移导致冰碛堤坡脚和内部一定深度细粒含量较高,达到一定的量值时,抗剪强度明显降低,冰碛堤容易发生剪切破坏;（3）细粒含量对抗剪强度参数的变化具有重要影响,从中还可以反映出冰碛土结构控制的变化：粗颗粒控制→粗细颗粒共同控制→细颗粒控制。研究结果对于评价冰碛堤的稳定性具有重要意义。     

基于桩土界面摩擦特性和桩周土体应力状态的基桩极限侧阻力分析

结合基桩承载过程中的桩周土体应力状态分析和桩土界面摩擦特性分析,推导出基于土体应力状态的沿桩土界面的土体抗剪强度计算模型和基于界面摩擦特性的界面抗剪强度计算模型。通过对比土体抗剪强度和界面抗剪强度,推导出受该两种强度耦合作用影响的极限侧阻力计算模型,并用上海某工程算例验证该模型的合理性和可行性,同时利用该模型分析不同类型的土的极限侧阻力随埋深的分布规律。结果显示：因内摩擦角和侧压力系数之间的不同关系,极限侧阻力随埋深表现出不同的分布特点,在特定关系下,存在一个临界深度,超过该深度极限侧阻力维持在一个稳定值甚至不断减小直至为零。     

基于混料设计的WC基复合胎体性能研究

采用混料设计方法,研究了WC、YG8、663-Cu含量变化对WC基复合胎体抗弯强度的影响规律。3种成分含量变化对抗弯强度有显著性影响,呈线性模型关系,得出了相应的回归方程。三者之间的影响大小是YG8＞WC＞663-Cu;3种成分含量变化对强度损失率影响很小,通过调整三者的成分比例,无法有效地提高胎体对金刚石的把持力。     

水平分层胶结充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则

以矿山分层充填为背景,针对水平分层充填体,提出了初始分层损伤、荷载损伤与总损伤的概念;利用损伤力学理论,考虑分层效应,建立了充填体损伤演化及本构模型;基于全微分方法构建了考虑分层效应的充填体强度准则。开展了不同分层充填体力学特性试验。研究结果表明：所建立的分层充填体损伤本构模型及强度准则理论曲线与试验曲线高度吻合,验证了模型的正确性;初始分层损伤随分层数增多,呈现 的二次多项式递增,分层效应与荷载耦合作用劣化了充填体总损伤;充填体总损伤率呈先增大后减小趋势。在峰值之前,分层数越多,则总损伤率越大;而峰值之后,分层数越多,则总损伤率越小,且总损伤率最大值随分层数增多而增大。     

武汉东湖淤泥碳化-固化试验研究

引入活性MgO-粉煤灰固化材料,采用碳化-固化联合技术处理武汉东湖疏浚淤泥,通过无侧限抗压强度、扫描电镜和压汞试验,研究加压碳化模式、碳化时间、MgO-粉煤灰配比和固化剂掺量等因素下CO2碳化作用对固化淤泥力学性质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：活性MgO-粉煤灰固化淤泥碳化后抗压强度进一步增长,应力-应变关系曲线压密阶段应变缩小;不同固化剂配比的东湖淤泥试样具有不同的最佳加压模式,而加压模式决定了相同碳化时间下固化淤泥CO2吸入量,从而影响碳化-固化淤泥试样抗压强度;活性MgO掺量低时试样抗压强度整体较低,强度随碳化时间增加先增大后减小;MgO掺量较高时,碳化试样强度随碳化时间快速达到较高值,随后增长缓慢。微观分析表明：水碳镁石、球碳镁石和碳酸镁石等镁碳酸盐是碳化-固化联合技术增强淤泥强度的主要原因,其膨胀性和胶结作用促使土体中团粒内孔隙向颗粒间孔隙转化,土体更密实,抗压强度增加。     

二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层剪切蠕变特性研究

以西南灰岩山区二叠系炭质页岩软弱夹层为研究对象,开展了原生软岩、层间剪切带和滑带3个演化阶段的矿物组成成分、微结构和不同正应力水平的剪切蠕变力学特性分析。结果表明：软弱夹层在演化过程中,矿物组分发生改变,黏土矿物含量在原生软岩中小于5%,层间剪切带中在5%～10%之间,滑带中大于10%。微结构由致密变得疏松,颗粒间连接力减弱;软弱夹层的蠕变位移和蠕变速率随着剪应力增加而增大,呈非线性关系。在相同剪应力条件下,蠕变位移和蠕变速率的关系为：滑带>层间剪切带>原岩。长期剪切强度逐渐降低,黏聚力的降幅大于内摩擦角,对时间的敏感程度较高。为受软弱夹层控制的层状基岩滑坡的发育发展过程、失稳机制研究提供了重要借鉴意义。