基于水质荧光指纹法的湖泊污染溯源研究——以太湖流域滆湖为例

随着社会经济和城市化进程的快速发展,湖泊水环境污染问题日益突出,加剧了湖泊原有功能的退化和丧失,因此污染治理成为了湖泊功能恢复和可持续发挥的必要条件,但如何实现污染精准溯源又是污染治理的重要前提。为此,本文以太湖流域滆湖为例,采用一种新兴技术——水质荧光指纹法开展湖泊污染溯源。于2021年累计采集滆湖周边70个农业、13个生活、3个企业排口的瞬时出水构建污染源荧光指纹库,连续12个月采集滆湖湖体8个样点水样分析水体荧光组分。通过平行因子分析共解析出4种污染源指纹和滆湖5种水体组分,经荧光相似度(塔克同余系数)分析进一步明确滆湖主要受到种植业面源、生活源和工业源的影响。此外,荧光强度与叶绿素a浓度和藻密度的强相关性表明藻类繁殖活动也会影响滆湖。从不同污染源对滆湖的时空影响特征来看,种植业面源主要在春、夏季影响西部、中部水域,生活源主要在夏、冬季影响西部、北部水域,工业源主要在特定月份(3 4月、10 12月)影响西部水域,藻类繁殖活动主要在夏季影响湖体。通过荧光组分与水质参数的时空相关性分析得到农业源和总磷、总氮,生活源和氨氮、有机物参数(BOD₅、COD_...     

New insights into the carbonate karstic fault system and reservoir formation in the Southern Tahe area of the Tarim Basin

As worldwide hydrocarbon exploration has extended from shallowly to deeply buried strata, reservoir quality has attracted substantial and persistent interest in petroleum geology. In particular, deeply buried strata (>5500 m) in the Tarim Basin have attracted considerable attention because carbonate reservoirs that have experienced fracture or dissolution have also been shown to demonstrate considerable hydrocarbon potential. Therefore, it is necessary to determine how these reservoirs are developed and distributed in detail from both scientific and practical standpoints.In this paper, we address this issue using a case study in the southern Tahe area, which is contained within the largest Palaeozoic marine oilfield in China. In the northern Tahe area, mega-paleokarst systems developed in the Ordovician strata; however, the reservoir quality in the southern part of the Tahe area is relatively poor because it is covered by insoluble formations during karstification. Observations of cores and analyses of images of well logging demonstrate that these reservoirs are dominated by caves, vugs and fractures that have developed near faults. We speculate that the faults penetrating insoluble formations represent the main dissolution passages that originally developed these karstic fault systems. Additionally, we analyse a series of outcrops, seismic data, and structures to characterize the spatial geometry of these major faults and their surrounding fractures in detail. Most of these are strike-slip faults, and their subsequent reservoirs can be divided into three categories based on their development, including dendritic, sandwich and slab reservoirs. Recent studies demonstrate that karstic fault reservoirs are most common traps in the study area. Although various types of carbonate karstic fault reservoirs are represented in this region, the dendritic karstic fault reservoir is the most hydrocarbon-rich.Guided by these initial results, 108 wells were drilled from 2013 to 2014, producing 485 thousand tons of oil and yielding success ratios greater than 89%. The average production of dendritic reservoirs is 37.4 tons per day (t/d), while those of sandwich and slab types are 20.2 t/d and 14.0 t/d, respectively. These results represent significant references for future hydrocarbon exploration and the development of similar deeply buried karstic fault reservoirs in the Tarim Basin and elsewhere.     

巴西阿尔塔·弗洛雷斯塔地区地质特征及金矿床类型

巴西马托格罗索州阿尔塔·弗洛雷斯塔(Alta Floresta)地区是亚马孙盆地西南部重要的金成矿省。为了满足中资矿业公司进行矿业投资和开发活动的需求,在实地考察和文献资料搜集的基础上,对该地区金矿地质特征和矿床类型进行了初步总结。该区主要的金矿类型有石英脉型、花岗斑岩型、红土型金矿等,其中石英脉型和红土型金矿为主要的金矿开发类型。区域构造对岩浆作用、金矿化作用和矿床类型等具有重要控制作用。总体来说,该地区具有多次金成矿活动,金成矿类型丰富,可作为中资矿业公司实施"走出去"战略的重要成矿区带。     

江南丘陵区农村居民点地域分异特征及类型划分——以长沙市为例

以长沙市2013年Landsat TM遥感影像图和长沙市的行政区划矢量图为基础,借助于ERDAS、MapGIS、ArcGIS、Fragtats、SPSS软件,运用探索性空间数据分析、景观形状指数模型及聚类分析法,从空间、规模与形态等方面探讨长沙市农村居民点地域分异特征、地域类型及调控路径。研究表明：长沙市农村居民点地域分异特征明显,在空间分布上呈现出由长沙市中部向东西两侧呈阶梯状稀疏化分布;而规模普遍偏小,规模分布自西向东呈现“波浪状”结构;在形态格局上,则表现为布局分散且形态复杂、不规则。通过采用聚类分析方法,将长沙市农村居民点划分为低密度散点型、低密度团簇型、中密度团簇型、高密度团簇型、中密度团块型、中密度条带型、高密度条带型7种,并从人口集聚、产业发展、基础设施与公共服务设施提升等方面提出了各地域类型优化调控的路径。     

中国避暑型气候的地域类型及其时空分布特征

由于中国各地纬度、地形及海陆位置的地域差异,形成了多种多样的避暑型气候。本文采用1993-2012年756个国家基本站和122个辐射站逐日气象数据,基于通用热气候指数(UTCI)模型计算各气象站点的人体感知温度,结合聚类分析方法对避暑型气候的地域类型进行了研究,并对其空间分布、时间变化和舒适特征进行了分析。结果表明：中国避暑型气候主要包括西南高原型、中东部山岳型、东北山地平原型、西北山地高原型和环渤海低山丘陵型5种地域类型;各类避暑型气候具有显著的地域特色：西南高原型避暑气候纬度低、海拔高,太阳辐射较强;中东部山岳型避暑气候地势高、风速大,夏季舒适偏冷;环渤海低山丘陵型避暑气候地势低、湿度大,夏季舒适偏热且舒适度受海风影响明显;西北山地高原型避暑气候温度适宜、天气晴朗,但略显干燥;东北山地平原型避暑气候凉爽、风速不大、辐射不强、湿度适中,综合条件相对优越。从各类避暑型气候夏季人体感知温度的变化来看,环渤海低山丘陵型舒适期较短,其余类型舒适期相对较长,东北山地平原型和西北山地高原型人体感知温度曲线呈良好的单峰对称变化,其余类型大致呈单峰不对称形态。本文不仅丰富了避暑型气候研究的理论成果,而且也可为避暑型旅游资源的开发与规划提供科学依据,进一步指导人们的避暑旅游活动。     

安徽及邻近地区地震类型分区特征研究

本文对安徽及邻区地震序列和地震地质构造进行了分析研究。 结果表明, 安徽及邻区具有较明显的地震类型分区特征, 地震序列以主余型为主, 孤立型次之。 考虑地震活动性与活动构造、 震源机制解等因素, 可以将安徽及邻区划分为15个具有不同特点的分区, 为地震应急工作中震后早期趋势判定提供参考依据。     

基于气候干燥度的青藏高原多年冻土区分类新方案

采取综合分析与主导因素相结合的原则, 阐明了青藏高原各大地貌单元的大气环流及自然景观特征, 描述了高原多年冻土形成和分布格局. 基于综合地域分异规律, 以年降水量和干燥度(蒸发/降水)作为主要指标, 并参考年平均气温、气温年较差及年平均空气湿度等, 结合地形因素将高原多年冻土划分为: 湿润型、亚湿润型、半干旱型、干旱型和极干旱型五种类型, 并对各类多年冻土的代表性地区的冻土特征分别进行论述. 该分类方法适合于小比例尺的冻土测绘和制图.     

黔东地区金矿床类型及其基本特征

本文对黔东地区金矿进行了矿床类型划分,并综述了各类型的基本特征。该区中-低温热液作用形成的金矿均属产于沉积岩建造中的金矿床,与岩浆岩在成因上没有直接联系。其中,天柱-锦屏-黎平地区、梵净山地区及从江地区金矿为变碎屑岩中脉型及蚀变岩型金矿床。三都-丹寨地区金矿为细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩中微细浸染型金矿床,天柱-锦屏-黎平地区及梵净山地区的变碎屑岩中脉型金矿床（点）暴露表生环境后可形成冲积型砂金矿床。     

Study of subsurface geology in locating arsenic-free groundwater in Bengal delta,West Bengal,India

Over a large area of the Bengal delta in West Bengal, India, arsenic distribution patterns in groundwater were studied. One hundred and ten boreholes at different target locations were made, subsurface sediments were logged and analysed, and arsenic values in sediments vis-à-vis groundwater were compared. The study elucidates the subsurface geology of the western part of Bengal delta and characterises the sediments that were intersected in different boreholes with contrasting values of arsenic in groundwater. It reveals an existence of multiple aquifers stacked over each other. Depending on the color and nature of aquifer-sands and their overlying clay beds six aquifer types (Type-1 to Type-6) are classified and described. Sediment-arsenic for all the varieties of aquifer sands are near similar but the groundwater-arsenic of these six aquifers varies widely. Type-2 and Type-5 aquifers host arsenic-contaminated groundwater whereas the other four aquifers are arsenic-free. Type-2 and Type-5 aquifers are capped by a grey to dark grey soft organic matter-rich clay unit which makes these aquifers semi-confined to leaky-confined. These contribute in releasing arsenic from the sediments. The results of this study are employed in a proposed georemedial measure against this hazardous toxic element.     

黔东南火烧寨金(锑)矿床地质特征及找矿潜力探讨

通过对黔东南雷公山褶断带火烧寨金锑矿床区域成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征的研究分析,提出了该矿床属幔源—混合型地下热卤水的成因观点,探讨了该地区石英脉(构造蚀变岩)型金矿的找矿潜力。