影响跨孔雷达层析成像效果的几个因素

利用合成数据研究并讨论了影响基于射线的跨孔雷达走时层析成像的几个重要因素,包括射线覆盖角度、正则化因子以及测量装置排布等。对比不同射线覆盖角度下层析成像的结果表明,40°~70°为跨孔雷达层析成像的最佳角度。对比不同正则化因子情况下层析成像的结果表明,正则化因子太小或太大,都会导致反演结果与实际模型差别较大,因此选择合适的正则化因子对反演成像极其重要。通过研究水平和不同倾斜异常体的层析成像结果以及波场快照发现,由于发射和接收装置通常放置在2个平行的钻孔中,使得射线主要在近水平方向上传播,因此横向异常体的反演效果好,而纵向或高角度异常体的反演效果不佳,且反演出的异常范围要比实际尺度大。     

基于射线追踪技术计算地震定位中震源轨迹的改进方法

使用震源轨迹确定震源位置不仅稳健而且直观,但当介质复杂时震源轨迹难以给出解析解.基于最小走时树射线追踪技术计算震源轨迹的方法(以轨迹所在的残差场中残差最小的点(初始点)至残差较小的点(震源轨迹代表点)的射线路径表示震源轨迹)适用于复杂速度模型,但尚不能正确计算由多段组成的震源轨迹,同时兼顾计算轨迹的完整性和精细性较为困难,计算参数设置烦琐不适于大批量数据的自动处理.针对该方法存在的问题,本文对其进行了改进:(1)采用一种"削皮"算法选取震源轨迹所经过的模型单元的节点作为轨迹代表点;(2)将残差较小的区域作为震源轨迹计算区域(该区域依轨迹分布自适应地划分为若干个连通区域),从未计算的轨迹代表点中选取残差最小者作为射线路径初始点,利用最小走时树算法依次计算所有连通区域内的震源轨迹;(3)通过去掉较短的不再分叉的射线路径使震源轨迹更为精细.虚拟和真实事件的算例表明,改进方法有效克服了原方法的不足,可便捷地计算复杂速度模型中事件的震源轨迹,计算的轨迹精细且较完整.     

A robust approach to time‐to‐depth conversion and interval velocity estimation from time migration in the presence of lateral velocity variations

The problem of conversion from time‐migration velocity to an interval velocity in depth in the presence of lateral velocity variations can be reduced to solving a system of partial differential equations. In this paper, we formulate the problem as a non‐linear least‐squares optimization for seismic interval velocity and seek its solution iteratively. The input for the inversion is the Dix velocity, which also serves as an initial guess. The inversion gradually updates the interval velocity in order to account for lateral velocity variations that are neglected in the Dix inversion. The algorithm has a moderate cost thanks to regularization that speeds up convergence while ensuring a smooth output. The proposed method should be numerically robust compared to the previous approaches, which amount to extrapolation in depth monotonically. For a successful time‐to‐depth conversion, image‐ray caustics should be either nonexistent or excluded from the computational domain. The resulting velocity can be used in subsequent depth‐imaging model building. Both synthetic and field data examples demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.     

锂同位素在环境地球化学研究中的新进展

锂的两个稳定同位素(6Li和7Li)相对质量差较大,因此易产生明显的同位素分馏。业已查明,自然界中δ7Li值的变化在-40‰和 50‰之间。其中较小的δ7Li值见于海相生物碳酸盐样品,较大的δ7Li值见于某些盐湖卤水以及有孔虫的样品。由于明显的同位素分馏和不同地质体中截然不同的δ7Li值,锂同位素应用十分广泛,且在壳-幔演化、陆壳风化、卤水和污染水体示踪等研究领域取得显著成效。     

线性要素栅格数据矢量化快速简便算法设计与实现

基于追踪圆线性要素矢量化算法,总结该方法的特性与不足之处,在此基础上提出改进的追踪框线性要素矢量化算法,并在VS2005环境下采用C＋＋语言实现线性要素矢量化功能。实验证明：该算法具有算法简洁、速度快、内存占用少,容易编程实现等特点,且矢量化效果十分理想。     

基于搜索圆法的等值线追踪技术

等值线追踪是绘制等值线图的关键,好的追踪算法可使图形更精确,同时节省大量时间。本文在传统追踪算法的基础上,提出了一种新的追踪等值线的方法——搜索圆法,并详细介绍了该方法的追踪步骤。该方法可实现快速分块扫描,大大提高追踪效率,可靠性好。     

利用铅同位素研究金属矿床地气物质来源:甘肃蛟龙掌铅锌矿床研究实例

地气测量方法能够用来勘查隐伏矿和盲矿,但由于其机理还处在假说阶段,方法自诞生以来一直受到质疑.研究地气物质来源有助于对地气形成机理的认识.采用超净环境控制、高纯酸提纯和高纯制水等方法,成功地实现捕集材料空白Pb小于0.5 ng/mL.利用美国国家标准局SRM981铅同位素标准物质和SRM982富集铅同位素稀释剂,采用ICP-MS法首次实现低含量地气铅同位素比值的测定.矿区黄土、红层、围岩和矿石铅同位素组成由质谱法测定.结果显示,背景区地气样品由于铅同位素含量低,其铅同位素组成偏离矿区已知地质母体,可能主要受到捕集剂空白干扰所致;异常区地气铅同位素组成明显不同于背景区,样品点位于近矿围岩和矿石硫化物之间,且更靠近矿石硫化物,说明异常区地气样品有深部矿石硫化物铅的加入,从而为地气用于覆盖区矿产勘查提供了可靠的理论依据.     

海泡石相变的粉晶 X 射线衍射研究

摘 要　 利用粉晶 X 射线衍射分析方法‚研究了海泡石在热处理过程中的相变特征。研究发 现‚海泡石在受热后将向滑石转变‚并可分为4个阶段：室温～200℃‚为海泡石相;300～ 700℃‚为向滑石转化的过渡相;800～900℃‚为混合相;900～1000℃‚为顽火辉石相。     

Natural Cadmium Isotopic Variations in Eight Geological Reference Materials (NIST SRM 2711, BCR 176, GSS-1, GXR-1, GXR-2, GSD-12, Nod-P-1, Nod-A-1) and Anthropogenic Samples, Measured by MC-ICP-MS

In this study, the Cd isotopic composition of various geological reference materials and anthropogenic samples was investigated. The measurements were made by multicollector ICP-MS and instrumental mass fractionation was controlled using a "sample-standard bracketing" technique. Cadmium isotopic data are reported relative to an internal Cd solution (Cd Spex) and expressed as the ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰Cd delta value. Two other Cd solutions (Prolabo and JMC) were analysed and yielded the same 0% delta value. A fractionated Cd metal sample (Münster Cd) was used as a secondary reference material for Cd isotopic measurements and we obtained a ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰ Cd delta value of 4.48% relative to Cd Spex solution. As opposed to multi-stage Cd purification previously published in the literature, a new one step anionic exchange purification using dilute HCl for the analysis of Cd isotopes in geological samples was developed. This method enabled a high recovery (> 95%) and effective separation of the sample matrix to be achieved. The long-term external reproducibility was evaluated at 0.12% (2 standard deviations) for the ¹¹⁴ Cd/¹¹⁰Cd ratio, based on reference solutions and replicated measurements of samples over one year. The variation of Cd isotopic composition of natural terrestrial samples is restricted to a small range of 0.4%, which is similar to previously reported results. In contrast, large variations of Cd isotopic composition were found for anthropogenic samples with values as low as −0.64% for a dust sample issued from a lead smelter and values as high as +0.50% for NIST SRM 2711 (metal-rich soil). These variations are 10 times larger than the reproducibility and suggest that Cd isotopes can be useful as tracers of anthropogenic sources of Cd in the environment.