油松树轮记录的1776年以来贺兰山地区气温变化

Tree-ring standardized chronologies are developed by 78 cores collected from the eastern and western Helan Mountain. Statistical analysis shows that both the STD and RES chronologies correlate negatively with the temperature of different periods of early half year, especially with January to August mean （JA） temperature, which means that JA temperature is one of the predominant limiting factors of tree growth in the Helan Mountain. Based on this analysis, we reconstructed JA temperature, and the explained variance is 43.3% （F=21.422, p〈0.001 ）. The comparatively high temperature periods in the reconstruction were： 1805-1818 1828-1857, 1899-1907, 1919-1931 and 1968-1995; and the comparatively low temperatu re periods happened in 1858-1872, 1883-1895 and 1935-1953. Ten-year moving average curve shows three slow uplifting trends： 1766-1853, 1862-1931 and 1944-1995. Each temperature increase was followed by a sudden temperature decrease about 10 years, that is to say, the JA temperature in the Helan Mountain is characterized by slow increase and sudden decrease. The 70- and 10.77-year periodicities detected in the temperature series correspond to the Gleissberg （80-year） and Schwabe （11-year） periodicities of solar activity respectively, the 2.11-2.62 years cycles are considered to be influenced by QBO （Quasi-Biennial-Oscillation） and the local environmental change.     

五个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性

本文对采自四川西部的鳞皮冷杉、铁杉、红豆杉、高山松和青海东部的青海云杉等5个中国特有针叶树种树轮宽度对气候变化的敏感性进行了研究。这五5个针叶树种的年轮纹印清晰,伪年轮和丢年轮较少(麦秀云杉0.247%,飞水崖红豆杉0.202%),便于确定年代和量测宽度,用COFECHA程序对定年结果进行检验,证明交叉定年的结果是可靠的。统计分析结果显示,这5个中国特有种差值年表包含丰富的气候信息。相关分析显示,树轮宽度数据和气象数据有着显著的相关关系。5个树种对气候因子较为敏感的响应表明,它们是适于进行树轮气候学分析的树种;在树轮气候学的研究中具有很大的潜力和应用前景。     

A dendroclimatological study of east- and west-facing slopes in mountainous areas subjected to strong air pollution (the Sudetes,Central Europe)

The Sudetes Mountains (Central Europe) were under a particularly intense long-term air pollution load during the 1970s and 1980s. Intense industrial activity in this area led to large-scale forest dieback and reductions in tree growth rates, potentially limiting the use of tree-ring data from this region in dendroclimatic research. In this paper, ring-width chronologies were constructed for 493 Norway spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst.) from 17 sampling sites within five major mountain ranges in the Sudetes Mountains of Poland. Growth-climate response data indicate that April?July temperatures are the main factor affecting radial growth of trees in the study area. Our data also indicate the strong influence of slope aspect on temperature signal strength. The lowest correlation values were obtained for sites located on western slopes with effective fog deposition, which are strongly affected by pollution. An appropriate sampling strategy resulted in the creation of a temperature-sensitive proxy record (rAMJJ = 0.70), exceptional for areas under strong pressure from human activity. Based on a regional master chronology, growing season (April?July) temperatures over the past 200 years were then reconstructed. Four warm and four cold periods were distinguished and compared with other reconstructions and long-term instrumental data.     

Stem radial growth indicate the options of species,topography and stand management for artificial forests in the western Loess Plateau,China

An understanding of the differences in artificial forest between tree species,slope aspects,and management options in arid environments is fundamentally important for efficient management of these artificial systems;however,few studies have quantified the spatial and temporal differences in stem radial growth of trees in the arid western Loess Plateau of China.Using dendrochronology,we assessed the growth of three woody species(the native shrub Reaumuria soongorica,the exotic shrub Tamarix ramosissima and tree Platycladus orientalis)by measuring the annual stem radial increment.We also describe the long-term growth trends and responses to climatic factors on slopes with different aspects during periods with and without irrigation.We found that precipitation during the main growing season was significantly positively correlated with ring growth for all three species and both slope aspects.In addition,supplemental water(e.g.,irrigation,rainwater harvesting)greatly relieved drought stress and promoted radial growth.Our results suggest that as the main afforestation species in the Loess Plateau used for soil and water conservation,P.orientalis is more suitable than T.ramosissima under rain-fed conditions.However,a landscape that combined a tree(P.orientalis)with a shrub(R.soongorica)and grassland appears likely to represent the best means of ecological restoration in the arid western Loess Plateau.     

树木年轮密度实验方法及其在内蒙古准格尔旗树轮研究中的应用

在介绍树木年轮密度实验方法基本原理、国内外研究现状以及详细的实验方法和流程的基础上,建立了内蒙古准格尔旗油松树轮宽度年表,以及早材、晚材、最大、最小四个密度年表。年表之间相关分析表明树轮密度比宽度包含更多更复杂的气候环境变化因子。通过树轮密度年表与气象资料相关分析发现,准格尔旗树轮密度年表与该地区全年降水量之间有很好的相关性,早材密度和最小密度与降水量之间呈负相关关系,晚材密度和最大密度与降水量之间呈显著的正相关关系。无论正、负相关关系,均能够从树木生理角度予以合理解释。     

加荷条件下软黏土的孔隙演化特征

开展上海软黏土的宏微观三轴剪切试验,研究软黏土受荷状态下孔隙的演化特征。结果表明：局部变形在加荷初期就开始发生。随着荷载的增加,细碎团聚体增多,孔隙不断地扩展,生成大的贯通孔隙,孔隙定向排列明显,剪切带形成。微观结构参数与剪应力比呈非线性正相关关系,最大孔隙面积、孔隙比、孔隙各向异性率及分布分维数在受荷初期缓慢地增大,后期快速增大。应变为8%时,最大各向异性率达到0.68,最大孔隙比为1.96。剪切带附近的微观结构参数都大于带外值。在受荷过程中,土的微观结构发生劣化,软黏土变形过程分为损伤开始、损伤发展剪切带形成和土体破坏3阶段,微观结构的劣化与土的宏观力学特性紧密相联系。     

Electron microscope evidence of virus infection in cultured marine fish

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｈｅｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ’ｒａｐｉｄｄｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｉｎｅｆｉｓｈｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙｉｎＣｈｉｎａｈａｓｂｒｏｕｇｈｔａｂｏｕｔｐｒｏｌｉｆｅｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｖｉｒａｌｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｉｎｔｈｅｉｎｄｕｓｔｒｙａｓｓｈｏｗｎｂｙｔｈｅｎｏｔａｂｌｙｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆｄｉｓｅａｓｅｓｏｒｄｅａｔｈｓｏｆｔｈｅｍａｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅｄｆｉｓｈ .Ｅｌｅｃｔｒｏｎｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅｅｘａｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅａｆｆ…     

Utilization of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag in the production of a hydraulic cement binder

Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) slag is a major waste product generated during the steelmaking process. In India and in most industrial countries, the use of BOF slag as a road ballast and land filler has had a very long history. This being a low end use, a study was conducted to examine the possibility of converting the slag into a hydraulic binder. This paper describes the effect of cooling rate on mineralogy and cementing characteristics of normal BOF slag as well as iron oxide-devoid BOF slag. Specifically, the mineralogy and compressive strengths of heat-treated slags were compared with a conventional ordinary Portland cement. It was found that the slowly cooled slags did not show any cementing properties. The iron oxide-devoid slag, on slow cooling, disintegrated into fine powder. The water-cured cubic specimens of quenched slag products were tested for their compressive strengths. The cementing properties of the quenched slag products were improved by formation of hydraulic phases and showed considerable strength after 28 days of water curing.     

大青山巨厚煤层夹矸中高岭石的显微特征及其成因意义

本文采用多种电子显微技术,研究了内蒙古大青山煤田晚古生代巨厚煤层平矸－隐晶质高岭石泥岩。透射电镜下,晶体程序不一、形态复杂多变的玻屑状高岭石和盘旋状埃洛石;扫描电镜下,泥粒状高岭石和蠕虫状高岭石及及二者所构成的斑状结构等许多具成因意义的微有（０．１～１０－μｍ）显微特征,充分证明该夹矸层为火山灰蚀变成因（ｔｏｎｓｔｅｉｎ）。     

冲击压实路基黄土的微观特征研究

采用扫描电镜和压汞试验研究了天然黄土和冲击压实8～40遍路基黄土的微观结构和孔隙特征。结果表明：天然黄土和冲击压实8遍的路基黄土,其微结构以粒状架空结构为主;冲击压实16～40遍,土的微结构变成粒状镶嵌结构。冲击压实16遍前后,土的孔隙直径分布在0.006～164 μm之间,平均孔径从0.767 9 μm降低到0.0 711 μm,中等孔径从5.264 μm减少到0.568 4 μm;但孔隙表面积从0.624 m2/g增加到7.517 m2/g。孔径分布在10 μm和2 μm处出现分界值,16遍前2