石油地震纵横波速度层析成像

本文以分层均匀“多层介质模型”为依据,正演模拟多炮人工地面地震记录。其观测方式为:三炮位置分别在1500m,2500m,3500m处;道检距25m,140道(或道检距5m,700道),偏移距1000m。为提高地震反射层析成像的精度,运用“走时最小纵横波速度层析成像”与“波形基本解纵横波速度层析成像”相结合的方法,反演各层界面形状及各层纵波、横波速度,这是本文的特点。反演结果图与“多层介质模型”基本一致,相对误差小于5%,达到实际部门的要求。我们在数学上发展了“层析成像”的内容,如探索出求二维场强公式用一维基本解表示,因此大大提高了数值计算速度,具有一定的实用与理论价值。用“ProMAX软件”分析实际地震数据,获得地下11层垂直剖面图与纵横波速度层析成像结果。“项目程序系统”可供相关部门实际参考使用。     

中国春运城际出行网络结构特征与城市角色识别——基于多元交通客流的测度

作为要素流动的载体和空间重塑的主体,春运交通客流更能透视中国区域发展的新情况新问题。基于2017年春运期间交通客流数据,从整体网络、城际联系和城市节点维度对交通客流网络结构特征进行比较分析并综合识别城市地域交通类型。研究发现：① 与公路客流辐射范围和流量相比,铁路客流较大,航空客流较小;交通客流网络趋于发育为复杂网络;公路客流网络以邻省组合型城市组团为主,铁路客流网络主要为跨省组合型城市组团,航空客流网络均为“破碎”组合型城市组团。② 由短途为主的公路客流、中短途为主的铁路客流和中长途为主的航空客流分别构筑形成的区域空间结构具有显著的分化态势和极化现象,主要发生在“胡焕庸线”东南侧城市群内以及城市群之间。③ 在空间距离制约下,基于城市首位联系刻画而成的交通客流网络空间组织模式存在显著差异。公路客流形成5种区域空间组织模式,铁路客流形成多重组合的核心-边缘空间组织模式,而航空客流则形成多重组合的轴-辐空间组织运营模式。④ 城市地域交通类型分化显著,形成泾渭分明的“沉睡”区与“活跃”区,且中心城市和城市群成为集散客流的主要动力。希冀能为新形势下推动形成优势互补高质量发展的区域经济布局提供借鉴。     

岩石临破坏前波速奇异变化的再研究

从实验上确证：岩石在主破裂前一瞬间,纵波速度升高甚至超过原最大值的两倍以上,纵、横波速比Vp/Vs升高甚至达2.5～3.0,之所以造成这种现象：对前一个原因是主破裂前有些张裂缝闭合,另一个原因是主破裂前微破裂急剧增多,在某一时刻同时发生几个小破裂,各检波器所记讯息可能不是同一事件。对后,P、S波的走时在破裂孕育过程中的下降--回升（相对变化量）并不同步而是P波的变化先于或大于S波也是重要原因。     

Constraining the anisotropy structure of the crust by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and wave polarizations

In the context of wide-angle seismic profiling, the determination of the physical properties of the Earth crust, such as the elastic layer depth and seismic velocity, is often performed by inversion of P- and/or S-phases propagation data supplying the geometry of the medium (reflector depths) or any other structural parameter (P- or S-wave velocity, density...). Moreover, the inversion for velocity structure and interfaces is commonly performed using only seismic reflection travel times and/or crustal phase amplitudes in isotropic media. But it is very important to utilize more available information to constrain the non-uniqueness of the solution. In this paper, we present a simultaneous inversion method of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data of transient elastic waves in stratified media to reconstruct not only layer depth and vertical P-wave velocity but also the anisotropy feature of the crust based on the estimation of the Thomsen’s parameters. We carry out a checking with synthetic data, comparing the inversion results obtained by anisotropic travel-time inversion to the results derived by joint inversion of seismic reflection travel times and polarizations data. The comparison proves that the first procedure leads to biased anisotropic models, while the second one fits nearly the real model. This makes the joint inversion method feasible. Finally, we investigate the geometry, P-wave velocity structure and anisotropy of the crust beneath Southeastern China by applying the proposed inversion method to previously acquired wide-angle seismic data. In this case, the anisotropy signature provides clear evidence that the Jiangshan-Shaoxing fault is the natural boundary between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks.     

多震相走时联合三参数同时反演成像

采用新近研制的分区多步不规则最短路径多震相地震射线追踪正演技术,结合流行的子空间反演算法,提出了一种联合多震相走时资料进行地震三参数 （速度、反射界面和震源位置） 同时反演的方法技术.数值模拟反演实例、以及与双参数 （速度和反射界面或速度和震源位置） 同时反演的对比分析表明：三参数同时反演成像结果大体接近双参数同时反演成像的结果.另外,噪声敏感性试验表明：所提算法对到时数据中可容许的随机误差并不敏感,结果说明多震相走时的联合三参数同时反演成像方法技术不失为一种提高走时成像空间分辨率、进而降低重建模型参数失真度、行之有效的方法技术.     

BOOK REVIEWS

Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.     

城市旅游流网络结构特征及其影响因素

目前对于旅游流网络形成的影响因素的研究多为区域尺度,因此以上海为例,将国内游客赴上海自由行作为对象,利用网络游记采集2018年上海自由行行程信息,扩充了对旅游节点类型的选取范围,结合社会网络分析法,构建有向旅游流网络,研究国内游客赴上海自由行所形成的旅游流网络结构特征,并通过回归分析研究其影响因素。结果表明,①网络密度较低,网络核心-边缘区结构分层明显,但核心区对边缘区的带动能力有待提高;②目前以核心城区的著名景点以及上海迪士尼乐园为核心旅游节点;③整体而言,网络中旅游节点重要程度的影响因素为核心节点的影响力、旅游节点自身的知名度以及交通便利程度。在此基础上提出了旅游节点应如何提高自身在网络中的重要程度或是融入网络。     

地震层析成像方法及其在岩体结构研究中的应用

根据岩体结构理论 ,软弱结构面对岩体变形与破坏具有优先控制作用 ,它与围岩在地震波传播性质 (波速与衰减特性 )上的差别 ,可以利用地震层析成像技术 ,对它进行空间定位 ,进而研究岩体的内部结构特征。针对岩体结构研究的特点 ,本文提出将地震波走时成像方法与地震波衰减成像方法 (振幅与脉冲宽度 )集成到一个处理流程中 ,实现了岩体结构的综合成像方法。     

Fifteen Year Follow-Up Geography Skills Test Administered in Indiana, 1987 and 2002

Abstract

After fifteen years of geographic education efforts, a baseline geography skills test was repeated in Indiana. In 2002, 2,278 students in college freshman geography courses were tested with a revision of the National Council for Geographic Education Competency-Based Geography Test, Secondary Level Form II. The test measured geographic ability in map skills, place name location, physical geography, and human geography. As in 1987, the 2002 test gathered personal information from each student on age, gender, travel experience, and prior geographic education. Test scores were lower by two percent in 2002. Travel and lifetime experience are again the best teachers of geography as opposed to high school geography course work. Significant performance differences persist between gender and ethnic groups. Arts and science students perform significantly higher than students from education, business, and other schools. Test results underscore the need to emphasize more intentional classroom focus on state standards and preparation of classroom teachers.