DEVELOPMENT OF TRANSVERSE DRANAGES AND FORMATION OF WIND GAPS ON ACTIVELY GROWING FOLD: REVIEW AND CASE STUDY

The most compelling phenomena for transverse drainage in active fold belt are lateral diversion of channels and development of water/wind gaps. This phenomenon is the result of competition between uplift and erosion, which is controlled by fault vertical/lateral propagation and segment linkage, fault geometry, climate condition and lithology. Previous studies found that the higher the uplift rate is, the greater number of wind gaps form, and the variation of the uplift rate is also critical to the sustainability of transverse rivers. Lateral propagation and linkage of several separate folds in fold-and-thrust belts will lead to defeat of streams and diversion into a trunk drainage; if the trunk is still unable to keep pace with uplift, water gap will be abandoned and left as a wind gap. For lateral propagation of an anticline associated with development of tear faults, the locations of wind/water gaps are likely to coincide with the trace of tear fault and it's not quite clear about the relation between tear faulting and stream deflection. Nonzero dip of the underlying detachment induces a lateral surface slope in the direction of fault propagation, which in turn makes rivers deflection more efficient. Climate and rock erodibility control the water/sediment discharge, and further influence river transport/incision capacity. The changing climate and rock erodibility conditions enable river to abandon the current waterway to create a wind gap unless they could down-cut through a growing fold. However, the role of climate cycle in the formation of wind gap is still controversial. In addition, wind gaps are commonly developed along the divides where parts of longitudinal river have been captured by transverse catchments. Generally, the development of transverse drainages and the formation of wind gaps in nature are result from a combination of tectonic and fluvial process. The wind gap pattern and transverse drainage evolution in fold-and-thrust belts contain plenty of information on fault growth, interaction between tectonic uplift and fluvial erosion, and development of sedimentary basin. Such researches have significant implications in geomorphology, seismic hazard assessment and hydrocarbon exploration. However, there are still many knowledge gaps on the study of transverse river evolution in active fold areas. First, adequate chronology and geomorphic/strata mark to quantify fold growth and erosion is commonly not available, which leads to a poorly constrained rate in both river incision and lateral propagation of growing folds. In addition, more geological and geomorphological processes could influence the evolution of transverse drainages. For examples, (1)during the formation of a young range or anticline, the mechanism of fault-related folding may change over time, e.g. from fault-propagation folding to surface breaking; (2)Besides the knickpoint retreat in downstream, efficient lateral planation and downstream sweep erosion are also important in understanding the erosion of folds by rivers flowing through it. These processes make the development of transverse drainage across folds more complex and should be considered in more comprehensive models. There are lots of rivers originating from the Tibetan plateau and cutting through young surrounding mountains. These surrounding mountains, such as Qilian Mountains, Tianshan Mountains and Longmen Mountains, are ideal areas for the study of transverse river evolution and wind gap formation. In the end, combining with the geological and geomorphological features of the Heli Shan-Jintanan Shan, north of Hexi Corridor, we propose that the Heihe River has experienced deflection, beveling and incision since Mid Pleistocene. These processes have led to 1)the formation of a wind gap on the western Heli Shan, 2)a layer of fluvial gravels from the Qilian Shan preserved on the top surface of the Jintanan Shan, and overlying angular unconformity upon older strata, and 3)the incision of the Heihe River to form the Zhengyi Gorge through the linked structure between Heli Shan and Jintanan Shan. Thus, we propose a general model for the development of transverse drainages in the central Hexi Corridor: deflection-beveling-incision.     

Flow and sedimentary processes in the meandering river South Esk,Glen Clova,Scotland

Channel geometry, flow and sedimentation in a meander bend of the River South Esk were studied from bankfull stages (January–February) to low water stages (May) in 1974. Bed topography varied little over the study period, showing a typical pool and ripple geometry. Variation of mean depth and velocity with discharge differed from section to section around the bend, due primarily to locally varying flow resistance with stage. The flow pattern for all stages was dominated by a single spiral over the point bar, with a development zone at the bend entrance. Deviation of bed shear stress from the mean flow direction was in general accord with theory, especially for high stages. The use of a uniform longitudinal water surface slope in the calculation of bed shear stress is not justified because of a complicated water surface topography, also such calculated shear may not represent effective bed shear on grains, as it accounts also for energy losses associated with secondary flows. Dunes covered much of the bar at high stages, with increasing proportions of ripples, sand ribbons and lower phase plane beds at low stages. Local flow resistance generally decreases from dunes, diminished and ripple-backed dunes, ripples, sand ribbons to plane beds, and bed forms are predicted quite well by the stream power-grain size scheme. Mean size, sorting and skewness of sediment over the bed changes little with stage. In general, size decreases, sorting improves and skewness changes from positive to negative from the talweg to the inner bank, and in the downstream direction. Allen's (1970a, b) force balance equation for moving bed load particles is supported for bankfull stage, with some reservations, and textural characteristics are explained by progressive sorting in the direction of sediment transport. Large-scale trough cross stratification (with some flat bedding) formed at high stage by dunes (and lower phase plane beds) dominates the point bar sediments. Alternations of fine-medium sand (often cross-laminated) and vegetation-rich layers result from periodic deposition on the grassed upper bar surface. Fining upwards sequences produced by lateral channel migration are modified by a coarsening upward subsequence in the upstream bar region where spiral flow is developing from the bend upstream.     

Principal axes of M-DOF structures part I: Static loading

This paper is the first in a two-part series that discusses the principal axes of M-DOF structures subjected to static and dynamic loads. The primary purpose of this series is to understand the magnitude of the dynamic response of structures to enable better design of structures and control modification devices/systems. Under idealized design conditions, the structural responses are obtained by using single direction input ground motions in the direction of the intended control devices/systems, and by assuming that the responses of the structure is decoupleable in three mutually perpendicular directions. This standard practice has been applied to both new and retrofitted structures using various seismic protective systems. Very limited information is available on the effects of neglecting the impact of directional couplings (cross effects - of which torsion is a component) of the dynamic response of structures. In order to quantify such effects, it is necessary to examine the principal axes of structures under both static and dynamic loading. This first paper deals with quantitative definitions of principal axes and “cross effects” of three-dimensional structures under static load by using linear algebra. It shows theoretically that, for three-dimensional structures, such principal axes rarely exist. Under static loading conditions, the cross effect is typically small and negligible from the viewpoint of engineering applications. However, it provides the theoretical base for subsequent quantification of the response couplings under dynamic loads, which is reported in part II of this series.     

Dynamic analysis of structures using modified Lanczos co‐ordinates

An efficient dynamic analysis method using the modified Lanczos co‐ordinates is presented. The proposed method is obtained by applying the modified Lanczos algorithm using Lanczos vectors that satisfy the stiffness‐orthonormality condition to the conventional Lanczos co‐ordinates method. The modified Lanczos co‐ordinates method is more efficient than the conventional method in the case of structures under multi‐input loads. The effectiveness of the modified Lanczos co‐ordinates method is verified by analysing a numerical example. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Robust active vibration suppression control with constraint on the control signal: application to flexible structures

A unified mathematical framework, sustained by experimental results, is presented for robust controller design taking into account the constraint on the control signal. The design procedure is exemplified for an active vibration suppression control problem with applications to flexible structures. The considered experimental set‐up is a three‐storey flexible structure with an active mass driver placed on the last storey. First, the considered flexible structure is identified and the model's parametric uncertainties are deduced. Next, control constraints are presented for the robust control design problem, taking into account the restriction imposed on the control signal. Finally, the effectiveness of the control system is tested through experiments, when the input disturbance is assumed to be a sinusoidal one as well as a historical earthquake record (1940 El Centro record). Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅析探地雷达的分辨率

从雷达波脉冲宽度出发,阐述垂直分辨率与横向分辨率的区别和相互关系,并同时指出噪音对分辨率的影响,用实例说明讯号的数字处理能大大改善分辨率.     

Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building: III. Damage detection via changes in wavenumbers

This paper presents low frequency wavenumbers in a seven-storey reinforced concrete building estimated from its recorded response to eleven earthquakes, one of which (1994 Northridge) caused visible structural damage, and two of which are its aftershocks. The wavenumbers, K_i,j(f), are estimated from pairs (i,j) of records at neighboring recording sites in the building, distributed vertically or horizontally. Changes in K_i,j(f) from one event to another are compared in the undamaged (lower) and in the damaged (upper) part of the building, with the aim to find whether trends in K_i,j(f) can indicate damage. The results suggest significant and permanent increase of the wavenumbers in the damaged parts for the 1994 Northridge earthquake and its aftershocks, which is not the case for the other events in the damaged parts, and for all eleven events in the undamaged parts of the building. This increase in wavenumbers in the damaged parts can be explained by reduced wave velocities through the damaged structural members, and by scattering of waves from the discontinuities created by the damage. It is concluded from this qualitative analysis that wavenumbers estimated from strong motion recordings in a building can indicate location of damage, and that it would be useful to refine further this method (extend it to higher frequencies, and add the capability to quantify the damage). However, this would require more dense strong motion instrumentation in buildings than currently available. Deployment of dense arrays in selected buildings would provide data for further work on this subject.     

大型复杂结构的两阶段损伤诊断方法

综述了用于结构损伤识别的各种方法，提出了进行大型复杂结构损伤诊断所面临的问题，列出了已有的两步法的思路、方法，指出了需要研究的方向，为进行大型复杂结构的损伤诊断提供了参考。     

地球磁层里磁泡的跨尾尺度研究

爆发流(Busty Bulk Flows)事件是发生在地球磁层里的等离子体输运现象,磁泡模型能很好地解释这一过程.现有的理论和观测事实已给出了对磁泡在跨尾方向上的尺度以及其他重要的物理参数的估计,但由于观测手段的限制这些参数并不十分精确,而只是个数值域.本文从最新的Tsyganenko磁层模型出发,利用磁泡在极光区根部的位置参数和自编的磁力线跟踪程序,通过映射给出了对应的磁泡在磁赤道面跨尾方向上的尺度.计算结果与理论预计和观测事实相符.     

配筋砌体结构地震易损性评价方法初探

本文首先简要介绍了考虑空间协同的配筋砌体结构弹塑性地震反应分析程序EDAPSC；然后提出了一种利用空间协同时程分析结果，对配筋砌体结构地震易损性进行定量评价的方法，并以上海园南小区住宅楼为例进行了地震易损性分析，说明本文提出的地震易损性评价方法是可行和合理的；另外作者还对设计人员提出了提高结构抗震安全性的建议。