Flow field-induced drag forces and swimming behavior of three benthic fish species

Modern ethohydraulics is the study of the behavioral responses of swimming fish to flow fields. However, the exact drag forces experienced by fish remain poorly studied; this information is required to obtain a better understanding of the behavioral responses of fish and their current resistance strategies. We measured near-ground frontal drag forces on preserved individuals of three benthic fish species, round goby (Neogobius melanstomus), gudgeon (Gobio gobio) and bullhead (Cottus gobio), in a flow channel. The forces were compared to acoustic Doppler velocity (ADV) measurements and fish tracking data based on video observations of live fish in the flow channel. Overall, we observed drag coefficients (C_D) of ∼10⁻³ at Reynolds numbers ∼10⁵. The frontal drag forces acting on preserved fish with non-spread fins ranged from -1.96 mN*g^-1 (force per fish wet weight, velocity 0.55 m*s^-1) to 11.01 mN*g^-1 (velocity 0.85 m*s^-1). Spreading the fins strongly increased the drag forces for bullhead and round goby. In contrast, the drag forces were similar for gudgeon with spread fins and all fish with non-spread fins. Video tracking revealed no clear relationship between the position of the fish in the flow field and the forces experienced by the preserved fish at these positions. Collectively, these results suggest that i) the differences in frontal drag forces between species are small in homogenous flow, ii) individuals chose their position in the flow field based on factors other than the drag forces experienced, and iii) whether fins are spread or non-spread is an essential quality that modulates species-specific differences. The methodology and results of this study will enable integration of flow measurements, fish behavior and force measurements and inform ethohydraulics research. More advanced force measurements will lead to a detailed understanding of the current resistance strategies of benthic fish and improve the design of fish passes.     

高层钢结构建筑横向支撑地震动力响应分析

为测试高层钢结构建筑抗震性能,在有限元模型中以某高层钢框架结构办公大厦作为研究对象,测试其横向支撑地震动力响应状况。选取地震峰值加速度为200 cm/s^2的El-Centro波作为地震波输入,采用瞬态动力方法分析不同楼板厚度下建筑地震模拟响应,得到建筑顶层位移时程曲线;在SAP2000结构软件中分析建筑工程添加横向支撑前后的反应谱,记录各楼层垂直与水平方向位移与层间位移角。得到如下结果:高层钢结构建筑在地震响应下产生的位移不随楼板厚度的增加而增大,楼板厚度为100 mm、170 mm时位移波动显著;添加横向支撑后,建筑水平刚度显著提升,同理,添加横向支撑后横向层间位移角的最大值变化较大,且低于1/250,符合相关建筑标准。     

标致性景观设计抗震避灾韧性评估模型分析

现有的抗震避灾韧性评估模型存在着评估精准性差、模型灵活性差的缺陷,为了解决上述问题,提出标致性景观设计抗震避灾韧性评估模型分析与研究。通过对现有模型的分析,对构建的抗震避灾韧性评估模型整体架构进行提出,以此为基础构建整体结构数值分析模型,并采用回归分析方法对非线性动力时程进行分析,得到标致性景观抗震避灾韧性评估指标-损伤指数,采用pushover分析方法对损伤分布系数进行计算,以得到的损伤分布系数为依据建立标致性景观性易损性曲面,由其推导出抗震避灾韧性指数公式,从而实现标致性景观设计抗震避灾韧性的评估。通过实验得到,与现有的抗震避灾韧性评估模型相比较,构建的抗震避灾韧性评估模型极大的提升了评估的精准性与模型的灵活性,充分说明构建的标致性景观设计抗震避灾韧性评估模型具备更好的评估性能。     

酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾生长性能、血清生化指标、免疫力和抗病力的影响

【目的】探讨高蛋白酵母培养物替代鱼粉对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeusvannamei)生长性能、血清生化指标、非特异性免疫力和抗病力的影响。【方法】在基础饲料中分别添加质量分数0、2.5%、5.0%和7.5%酵母培养物(记为Y0、Y2.5、Y5.0和Y7.5组),分别替代质量分数0、10%、20%和30%的鱼粉,配制4种等氮等脂饲料,饲喂凡纳滨对虾(初始体质量0.70±0.03 g)56 d后,测定对虾生长性能、血清生化及免疫酶指标;用哈维氏弧菌(Vibrioharveyi)攻毒,测定对虾累计死亡率。【结果】Y2.5和Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾增重率和特定生长率与Y0组的差异无统计学意义(P> 0.05),Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾摄食率显著高于Y0和Y2.5组(P <0.05);Y5.0组凡纳滨对虾血清甘油三酯含量显著低于Y0组(P<0.05),Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾血清谷丙转氨酶含量显著高于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05),血清总胆固醇显著低于Y0、Y2.5组(P <0.05);酵母培养物替代饲料中20%和30%的鱼粉可显著提高对虾攻毒前肝胰腺超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性(P <0.05),Y7.5组对虾肝胰腺丙二醛含量在哈维氏弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)攻毒后显著低于Y0组(P <0.05);攻毒7 d后,Y7.5组凡纳滨对虾累积死亡率显著低于Y0组(P<0.05)。【结论】酵母培养物替代鱼粉比例小于20%时,不会显著影响凡纳滨对虾生长性能;替代比例为30%时,生长受抑制。当替代量比例为30%时可显著提高凡纳滨对虾非特异性免疫力和抗病力。     

Spatial distribution of supraglacial debris thickness on glaciers of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and surroundings

Debris-covered glaciers, characterized by the presence of supraglacial debris mantles in their ablation zones, are widespread in the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and surroundings. For these glaciers, thin debris layers accelerate the melting of underlying ice compared to that of bare ice, while thick debris layers retard ice melting, called debris-cover effect. Knowledge about the thickness and thermal properties of debris cover on CPEC glaciers is still unclear, making it difficult to assess the regional debris-cover effect. In this study, thermal resistance of the debris layer estimated from remotely sensed data reveals that about 54.0% of CPEC glaciers are debris-covered glaciers, on which the total debris-covered area is about 5,072 km², accounting for 14.0% of the total glacier area of the study region. We find that marked difference in the extent and thickness of debris cover is apparent from region to region, as well as the debris-cover effect. 53.3% of the total debris-covered area of the study region is concentrated in Karakoram, followed by Pamir with 30.2% of the total debris-covered area. As revealed by the thermal resistance, the debris thickness is thick in Hindu Kush on average, with the mean thermal resistance of 7.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W), followed by Karakoram, while the thickness in western Himalaya is thin with the mean value of 2.0×10^-2 ((m²?K)/W). Our findings provide a basis for better assessments of changes in debris-covered glaciers and their associated hydrological impacts in the CPEC and surroundings.     

东海海岸带生态安全评价及景观优化研究

本文以东海区海岸带为例,采用空间主成分分析法,对 2015 年东海区沿岸县级陆域的生态安全程度进行评价,并运用累积阻力模型,分析东海区海岸带的生态源地、廊道和核心节点,在此基础上提出优化布局思路。结果表明： （1） 林地、气候和地貌等自然要素及其质量对区域生态安全性有显著影响,植被覆盖度对生态安全的贡献率占 38.8%,是影响生态安全最重要的因子;此外,开发建设程度亦有影响生态安全的效果,此效果略小于自然要素; （2） 东海海岸带的生态安全指数在1.61~5.89 之间,表明东海区生态环境质量大体趋好,生态安全指数呈现出显著的南北分异和东西分异态势; （3） 构建以“四片区、三组团、两廊道、多中心”为核心的东海区海岸带生态景观的优化布局方案,以期为海岸带地区生态安全建设提供参考.     

纵横加筋圆锥壳振动特性多变量分析

为了全面掌握纵横加筋圆锥壳结构参数与其振动特性之间的关系,采用有限元软件ANSYS对纵横加筋圆锥壳进行参数化建模,并基于设计变量全组合数据,采用相关性分析、主效应分析和主成分分析方法,对纵横加筋圆锥壳结构参数与结构第一阶总体弯曲模态频率、激励力处的加速度响应总级以及结构质量之间的关系进行研究,得到了各结构参数与目标量之间关系的定量描述。为正确理解纵横加筋圆锥壳结构参数与振动特征量之间的关系提供了数据支撑,同时为此类结构的工程设计提供了参考依据。     

波浪作用下缆船拖带系统非线性运动数值模拟

基于船舶操纵性运动方程和拖缆的三维动力学运动方程,提出了被拖点位置匹配的方法,建立了拖船—拖缆—被拖船系统整体非线性拖带动力学模型。为了考察被拖船航向稳定性与横向稳性的关系以及波浪载荷作用的影响,被拖船采用水平面四自由度运动方程,并引入了波浪的作用力和力矩。拖船采用PD控制方法较真实地模拟了拖船航向改变的运动过程。对一个拖船—拖缆—被拖船系统(5 000 t的拖船和3 000 t的被拖船)在时域内进行了规则波浪作用下拖带运动的模拟,计算结果表明被拖带船舶在波浪中运动呈现运动稳定、不稳定和临界状态3种可能的特性。根据模拟计算结果,认为波浪中拖带航向稳定是被拖带船舶保持稳性的必要条件。     

ArA,EPA和DHA在水生动物中应用的研究进展

ArA,EPA和DHA是水生动物卵巢中卵磷脂、精子中的磷脂酰乙醇胺以及卵母细胞等的主要组成成分,能够影响产卵率、受精率、卵径大小、卵黄囊的体积、孵化率及存活率等,这三种必需脂肪酸在细胞结构、物质代谢和能量调节等方面具有重要作用,能够维持细胞通透性,增强消化酶活性,从而促进水生动物的生长;还能够影响细胞吞噬能力及呼吸爆发强度,并可以通过控制与免疫相关的酶活性以及类二十烷的产生而增强水生动物机体的免疫能力;其中的ArA可以通过调节皮质醇以及其他未知途径调节水生动物抵抗各种应激的能力。对这三种高度不饱和脂肪酸对水生动物生长、繁殖、免疫功能的影响和抗应激能力以及三者之间的关系作了综述并提出了问题和展望,以期对水产养殖提供理论参考。