Effect of salt types on salt precipitation and water transport in saline sandy soil

Salt precipitation on the surface of porous media significantly affects water transport processes. Most studies on salt precipitation mainly focused on single salts, but in nature, salt precipitation usually occurs as mixtures. Consequently, information on the crystallization of salt mixtures and its effect on water transport remains scarce. This study investigated the precipitation of mixtures (the mass ratios of NaCl:Na₂SO₄ were 3:7, 5:5, and 7:3, respectively) of NaCl (typical efflorescence) and Na₂SO₄ (typical subflorescence) in the initially saturated sandy soil columns and its effect on evaporation and compared it with the cases of the two salts individually. The results showed that salt mixtures exhibited a mixed pattern of crystals including both efflorescence and subflorescence, and the efflorescence showed granular aggregation, unlike the mono-salts. The crystallization coverage of the salt mixtures was smaller than that of NaCl mono-salt; high (7:3) and low (5:5 and 3:7) proportions of NaCl led to larger and smaller crystallization coverage than that of Na₂SO₄ mono-salt, respectively. While the salt mixtures had less crystallization coverage than the mono-salts, they showed lower evaporation because the salt mixtures formed a denser crystallization structure of efflorescence-subflorescence-soil layer, this crystallization structure exhibited greater inhibition of water vapour diffusion, thus reducing evaporation. In addition, the crystallization of the salt mixtures with higher NaCl proportion afforded greater resistance of evaporation. The mixed crystallization pattern formed by the salt mixtures significantly enhances the crystallization resistance to evaporation.     

Effect of saltating sediment on flow resistance and bed roughness in overland flow

The acceleration of saltating grains by overland flow causes momentum to be transferred from the flow to the grains, thereby increasing flow resistance and bed roughness. To assess the impact of saltating sediment on overland flow hydraulics, velocity profiles in transitional and turbulent flows on a fixed sand-covered bed were measured using hot-film anemometry. Five discharges were studied. At each discharge, three flows were measured: one free of sediment, one with a relatively low sediment load, and one with a relatively high sediment load. In these flows from 83 to 90 per cent of the sediment was travelling by saltation. As a result, in the sediment-laden flows the near-bed velocities were smaller and the velocity profiles steeper than those in the equivalent sediment-free flows. Sediment loads ranged up to 87·0 per cent of transport capacity and accounted for as much as 20·8 per cent of flow resistance (measured by the friction factor) and 89·7 per cent of bed roughness (measured by the ratio of the roughness length to median grain diameter). It is concluded that saltating sediment has a considerable impact on overland flow hydraulics, at least on fixed granular beds. Saltation is likely to have a relatively smaller effect on overland flow on natural hillslopes and agricultural fields where form and wave resistance dominate. Still, saltation is generally of greater significance in overland flow than in river flow, and for this reason its effect on overland flow hydraulics is deserving of further study. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coarse bedload transport in a mountain river

Coarse bedload transport dynamics are investigated utilizing hydrodynamic and sediment transport data obtained in an extensively instrumented study reach located in Squaw Creek, Montana, USA. During 1991 and 1992, a number of discrete bedload transport events associated with the daily rise and fall in stream discharge were investigated. Data show that initiation of sediment transport was accompanied by a reduction in bed roughness and by changes in bulk hydraulic parameters. For larger discharges, coarser fractions of the bed material mobilized, and bedload transport rates and average hydraulic parameters stabilized. As discharge reduced, mobile coarse particles became less frequent and deposited fine particles were removed, resulting in an increase in bed roughness. These observations are attributed to the downstream translation of bar sediments during the passage of a hydrograph. Bedload pulses were aperiodic but spatially variable. Flow turbulence and velocity profile data obtained during low flows allowed comparison between average bed shear stress and apparent bed roughness estimates obtained using different approaches. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A comparison of flow intensities in alluvial rivers: characteristics and implications for modelling flow processes

This paper compares flow intensity data obtained with different instruments from a variety of fluvial environments. It examines associations between the root-mean-square of longitudinal velocity fluctuations (flow intensity), local mean velocity, relative depth, and boundary resistance. Results indicate systematic differences in the behaviour of flow intensity which scale with respect to position in the boundary layer (deep sand-bedded rivers), boundary grain resistance (shallow river environments with coarse beds), and possibly form resistance (shallower sand-bedded rivers). Preliminary approaches to prediction and modelling of variations in flow intensity are suggested based upon linear regression relationships. Intensity values are also compared with theoretical and empirical limits to the use of Taylor's substitution, which allows time and frequency properties of a single-point velocity time series to be used to yield a flow length scale. In general, limits are exceeded in all environments for near-boundary flow measurements, but are met for y/d > 0·3 in most cases in sand-bed rivers, and for y/d > 0·4 in some gravel-bed environments. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

半干旱地区蒸散发时间尺度扩展方法对比分析

蒸散发量(ET,evapotranspiration)的时间尺度扩展是遥感反演区域ET的关键。为评价由瞬时潜热通量经时间尺度扩展方法计算日蒸散发量的可靠性,利用美国西南部半干旱地区的Walnut Gulch实验流域草地站点的波文比系统实测数据,分析评价蒸发比法、简化蒸发比法、作物系数法、简化参考作物系数法、正弦关系法、冠层阻力法和修正冠层阻力法共7种蒸散发时间尺度扩展方法的估计效果,统计结果显示,7种蒸散发时间尺度扩展方法总体趋势具有一致性,存在着一定的规律性,采用10:00~14:30的瞬时值估计较为接近实测蒸发值。正弦法、简化参考作物系数法及简化的蒸发比法的模拟精度较高(相对均方根误差在20%左右),比较适合于估算半干旱地区的日蒸散发量。对具有相近气象、气候、下垫面条件和空间尺度数据且具有充足气象观测资料的地区,推荐采用基于简化作物系数的时间尺度扩展方法开展从小时到日的ET时间尺度扩展,对于缺少气象观测资料的类似地区,推荐采用正弦法和简化的蒸发比法进行时间尺度扩展。     

抗差估计的选权迭代法分析与比较

在抗差稳健估计中,选权迭代法应用最广,较易理解,M估计法计算简单。基于M估计的基本理论,深入分析Huber、Hampel、IGG3种常用的选权迭代法,并利用水准网数据,分析这3种常用选权迭代法的适用范围和相应的抗差效果,表明IGG法比其他两种的抗粗差效果要好,且易实现。     

Seakeeping standard series for oblique seas (a synopsis)

The seakeeping performance in oblique seas for a series of 72 cruiser-stern hull forms has been evaluated analytically and is presented in a systematic way. The hull form series have been created by Loukakis and Chryssostomidis (1975) by extending the principal characteristics of the Series 60 to cover usual shipbuilding practice. In that work, however, only the seakeeping performance in head seas was presented. Recently, the seakeeping performance of the Extended Series 60 was re-evaluated for both head seas and oblique seas. The complete results are presented in tabular and graphical form as a function of the principal characteristics of the ship, the Froude number (including Fn=0, missing in the original series), the non-dimensional modal wave period and the heading angle in a separate NTUA report (Grigoropoulos et al., 1994). In the present paper, the results for one case are given in tabular form accompanied by graphical representation. They include: heave, pitch, bending moment amidships, added resistance, absolute vertical acceleration and relative vertical motion at the bow and the stern regions and relative vertical velocity at stations 2 and 4 where slamming is likely to occur.     

外源添加剂水杨酸对菊花江蓠抗寒性的影响

通过室内实验生理生态学的方法研究了外源添加剂水杨酸(SA)对菊花江蓠(Gracilaria lichevoides)抗寒性的影响.研究表明,通过添加0.5 mmol/L的SA,可以明显降低(实验组)江蓠的丙二醛(MDA)积累量、电解质渗透率;其脯氨酸含量、特定生长率(RsG)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(PO...     

齿坎式挡土结构物极限抗滑力研究

以齿坎式挡土结构物的现场抗滑试验为依据,运用非线性弹性有限元方法,对齿坎长度分别为0、0.7 m和1.0 m的挡土结构物的现场试验进行了理论分析,研究了位于软弱地基中的挡土结构物中的齿坎抗滑机制,其有限元理论分析能很好地表征现场试验成果,并运用强度折减的有限元方法对齿坎式挡土结构物进行极限设计,该理论研究可为工程设计提供齿坎抗滑作用的设计理论。     

仿生非光滑螺旋钻头的设计及试验

将仿生非光滑理论应用于螺旋钻头设计上,以解决粘性土钻进中螺旋钻头阻力大、粘附严重的难题。加工的仿生非光滑螺旋钻头,经实钻试验表明,与常规螺旋钻头相比,前者脱土率提高了70％ ,钻机耗油量降低了53.3%,钻进效率提高70%,具有明显的脱附和减阻效果。从而,为大口径螺旋钻施工提供了一种新型钻具。