A multi‐azimuth seismic refraction study for a horizontal transverse isotropic medium: physical modelling results

To investigate the characteristics of the anisotropic stratum, a multi‐azimuth seismic refraction technique is proposed in this study since the travel time anomaly of the refraction wave induced by this anisotropic stratum will be large for a far offset receiver. To simplify the problem, a two‐layer (isotropy–horizontal transverse isotropy) model is considered. A new travel time equation of the refracted P‐wave propagation in this two‐layer model is derived, which is the function of the phase and group velocities of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum. In addition, the measured refraction wave velocity in the physical model experiment is the group velocity. The isotropic intercept time equation of a refraction wave can be directly used to estimate the thickness of the top (isotropic) layer of the two‐layer model because the contrast between the phase and group velocities of the horizontal transverse isotropic medium is seldom greater than 10% in the Earth. If the contrast between the phase and group velocities of an anisotropic medium is small, the approximated travel time equation of a refraction wave is obtained. This equation is only dependent on the group velocity of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum. The elastic constants A₁₁, A₁₃, and A₃₃ and the Thomsen anisotropic parameter ε of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum can be estimated using this multi‐azimuth seismic refraction technique. Furthermore, under a condition of weak anisotropy, the Thomsen anisotropic parameter δ of the horizontal transverse isotropic stratum can be estimated by this technique as well.     

Joint PP‐ and PSV‐wave amplitudes versus offset and azimuth inversion for fracture compliances in horizontal transversely isotropic media

We propose a robust approach for the joint inversion of PP‐ and PSV‐wave angle gathers along different azimuths for the elastic properties of the homogeneous isotropic host rock and excess compliances due to the presence of fractures. Motivated by the expression of fluid content indicator in fractured reservoirs and the sensitivity of Lamé impedances to fluid type, we derive PP‐ and PSV‐wave reflection coefficients in terms of Lamé impedances, density, and fracture compliances for an interface separating two horizontal transversely isotropic media. Following a Bayesian framework, we construct an objective function that includes initial models. We employ the iteratively reweighted least‐squares algorithm to solve the inversion problem to estimate unknown parameters (i.e., Lamé impedances, density, and fracture compliances) from PP‐ and PSV‐wave angle gathers along different azimuths. Synthetic tests reveal that the unknown parameters estimated using the joint inversion approach match true values better than those estimated using a PP‐wave amplitude inversion only. A real data test indicates that reasonable results for subsurface fracture detection are obtained from the joint inversion approach.     

全埋入单桩基础横向振动模态正交性研究

采用Timoshenko梁模型作为挠曲波在全埋入单桩基础中的传播模型,根据频域中全埋入单桩基础横向振动时的运动微分方程,结合各节点的力平衡、位移协调方程及局部对偶坐标系中内力及位移的对偶变换关系,严格推导全埋入单桩基础横向振动的模态正交性条件。以回传射线矩阵法为基础,求解全埋入单桩基础横向振动的自振频率、衰减系数及不同自振频率所对应的模态,并通过具体算例验证全埋入单桩基础横向振动模态的正交性条件公式推导的正确性。     

面向地震风险评估的中国大陆区县级人口总量时空预测方法研究

以中国大陆区县级历史人口数据为基础, 研究人口总量和人口增长率的时间序列变化规律, 并综合运用阻滞模型、 指数模型、 对数模型、 线性模型等拟合方法, 得到相当精度的拟合预测模型, 获得了经验证较可靠的中国大陆未来区县级总人口预测结果。 同时, 以2020年预测人口为例, 定量分析了2010—2020年人口空间分布格局, 各区县未来人口增减变化情况, 其能够较准确的表达未来人口空间分布。 本研究旨在为地震风险评估对人口在时间变化和空间分布上的未来预测需求提供可靠数据。     

Empirical approaches in prediction of reservoir sediment distribution——An experience of 57 reservoirs in the USA and India

An accurate prediction of sediment distribution may minimize economic losses through proper and timely planning of the functional activities of a reservoir.This study assesses different temporal and spatial factors that affect for sediment deposition in a reservoir and its distribution.This study also focuses on evaluation of two popular distribution prediction methodologies,Area Increment and Empirical Area Reduction,based on experience with sediment distribution in 57 reservoirs in the USA and India.A non-iterative processed empirical distribution model(NPEDM) and a linear regression trend model(LRTM) are proposed to predict sediment distribution.Silt contributing area and inflow entering a reservoir are found to be the most significant factors affecting in reservoir sediment deposition.Compared to the Empirical Area Reduction method,the Area Increment method provided better prediction.The reservoir classification approach and empirical design distribution type curves given by Borland and Miller(1960) are found to be rational.Shape factor values for different periods indicate that reservoir shape(type) changes with time.Thus,long term prediction is not desirable in Type-Ⅱ Ⅲ reservoirs using the Empirical Area Reduction method.Newly developed the NPEDM shows reasonably good prediction of sediment distribution.The NPEDM is very easy to apply and can be used in any reservoir of any size.Extrapolation of the trend of sediment distribution obtained from the LRTM indicates an accurate short term prediction in a few reservoirs as causes of temporal and spatial variations of sediment distribution including the factors of uncertainties of sediment deposition are implicit within the methodology.     

青藏高原东北缘甘东南地区地壳各向异性特征及构造意义

本文利用径向和切向接收函数确定地壳各向异性的方法,处理了布设在青藏高原东北缘甘东南地区、横跨西秦岭北缘等断裂的24个密集宽频带流动台站远震资料,得到了研究区地壳各向异性特征.结果显示,平均快波方向呈现NW-SE、NWW-SEE及NNW-SSE,平均分裂时间0.56 s.甘东南中部及北部地区快波方向与GPS速度方向、前人利用XKS波分裂获取的快波方向及该地区断层展布方向基本一致,说明该地区壳幔运动可能是耦合的.同时研究区南部少数台站快波方向呈现NNW-SSE,与断裂方向及GPS速度方向有一定夹角,表明台站下方壳幔运动可能是解耦的.全区快波方向自北向南由近E-W逐渐转变为NW-SE,最后变为NNW-SSE.据此推测地壳在该区的变形挤压有顺时针方向旋转的趋势,这与该区块体挤压应力方向一致.     

Differential effect of neotectonic process on stream characteristics: a geomorphologic evaluation of the Meenachil River basin,Kerala, India

Morphotectonic characteristics of the Meenachil River and its major tributaries in Kerala, India, were evaluated to understand the effects of tectonic processes on stream characteristics. Parameters such as longitudinal profile, stream length-gradient index (SL index), SL anomaly index, and transverse topographic symmetry factor (T) were considered. Longitudinal profiles of all the rivers show convexity and knickpoints in the segments between the headwaters and middle reaches, and further follow smooth profiles. Anomalies in longitudinal profiles were confirmed by the relatively high SL indexes. The SL anomaly index categorizes stream segments based on the severity of anomalies. The T index indicates the differential effect of tectonic processes in the river basin and in channel characteristics by showing spatial variation in its magnitude and orientation. Variations in the SL index, SL anomaly index, and T index in rivers flowing through similar lithology confirm the influence of differential effects of tectonic processes over the stream and networks and the nonequilibrium condition of the Meenachil River basin as a single unit.     

盛行风条件下横向沙丘群丘间走廊中次生气流的研究初报

按照经典风沙物理学理论,横向沙丘下风侧由于气流分离会产生横轴涡旋,然而我们多年来在科尔沁沙地多处开展的沙丘群考察和观测中,经常观察到西北风天气条件下丘间走廊里发育着稳定的南向和西南向气流。为了解这种次生气流的基本特征,我们选择科尔沁沙地西部一片典型横向沙丘群,利用自动气象站进行了风季强风天气的风力观测。结果表明：（1）这种次生气流比较稳定,冬季基本以南风为主,春季以西南风为主;（2）风速会大幅度降低,幅度30%~50%;（3）冬季湍流强度明显小于春季,表明不同季节的局地大气层结状况影响丘间走廊的次生气流;（4）冬季的次生气流主要加深走廊底部,协助沙丘前移,而在春季除了加深走廊外,还促进了走廊的拓宽。     

基于SIFT匹配和RANSAC算法的超分辨率重建

图像超分辨率重建技术是根据序列图像间信息互补重建高分辨率图像的技术,其主要步骤在于精确运动估计算法和有效超分辨率重建算法。针对存在旋转、缩放变换的序列图像,本文提出一种基于SIFT匹配和随机采样一致性算法（RANSAC）的运动估计算法,该方法首先使用SIFT算法对图像序列的特征点进行提取并匹配,然后使用RANSAC算法消除误匹配点并获取投影变换矩阵,从而获得图像序列间的亚像素级的运动信息;采用一组低分辨率序列图像进行试验,基于上述运动估计算法,采用迭代反投影进行超分辨率重建。试验结果表明,运动估计精度较高,重建影像具有较好的视觉效果,尤其适用于影像序列间存在旋转缩放运动的图像序列的超分辨率重建。     

GPS坐标转换在110指挥系统中的应用研究

在110指挥系统中,为了实现对GPS巡逻警车的监控,必须将GPS终端接收到的位置信息动态显示在电子地图上。GPS数据采用WGS-84坐标系,而电子地图往往采用北京54坐标系,因而,如何将WGS-84坐标转换为北京54坐标成为系统必须解决的一个关键问题。本文详细讨论了WGS-84坐标与北京54坐标的转换问题,给出了详细的算法,并在福州市公安局110指挥系统中得到了成功应用。