UH模型在有限元分析中的应用

由姚仰平等提出的超固结土统一硬化模型(UH模型)能够描述超固结土的硬化、软化、剪缩和剪胀等应力应变特性以及应力路径对它的影响。通过改进,直线型的Hvorslev线由抛物线型的Hvorslev线代替,UH模型的参数与剑桥模型(Cam-clay模型)的参数相同。应用该模型,对三轴试验进行有限元模拟,分析了与应用Cam-clay模型所得应力应变关系曲线的异同点;针对刚性承压板试验,进行了地基承载力的三维有限元分析,比较了与应用Cam-clay模型和摩尔库仑模型(Mohr-Coulomb模型)等所得p-s曲线的不同,分析了地基中不同点处的应力-应变关系曲线,并与Boussinesq弹性理论计算的应力做了比较;进行了地基固结沉降数值分析,比较了孔压、沉降的变化规律,体现了UH模型的优越性。     

高层钢结构地震失效模式控制的失效路径修正法

本文主要研究高层钢框架结构的地震失效模式及其控制方法。首先,给出了高层钢结构的地震失效模式的分析方法;其次,提出了根据结构的失效路径来加强构件对高层钢结构的地震失效模式进行控制的方法;然后,提出了结构整体抗震能力的分析方法以及分别相应于设计能力和屈服能力的能力储备分析方法;最后,通过对一座15层的钢框架结构进行典型地震动下的极限时程分析和极限pushover分析,得到高层钢框架结构的失效模式和整体抗震能力以及相应于最弱失效模式的能力储备,并验证了本文中地震失效模式控制方法的有效性。本文的研究表明,高层钢结构的地震失效模式控制可以采用结构失效路径修正(薄弱构件加强)来实现。     

带加强层超高层建筑结构基于能力谱法的抗震设计

带加强层结构在加强层处的刚度发生剧变,从而引起侧向荷载下结构内力分布及变形的相应变化,地震作用下此类结构容易形成薄弱层,因而抗震性能较差。同时,带加强层的建筑物很多属于超限复杂高层建筑结构,无法直接套用规范方法进行抗震设计。根据带加强层高层建筑结构的受力变形特点及国内外研究者的研究成果,结合模态推覆分析理论和能力谱抗震设计方法,本文对带加强层高层建筑结构的受力变形性能作了详细的分析,提出此类结构基于能力谱法的抗震设计方法。此法采用受力层间侧移角作为性能指标,并针对加强层和普通楼层采用了不同的性能水准量化值,根据结构特点以底部和加强层上部两层楼作为薄弱层进行验算,最后通过算例验证所提方法的可行性。     

Estimating longitudinal dispersion in rivers using Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers

The longitudinal dispersion coefficient (D) is an important parameter needed to describe the transport of solutes in rivers and streams. The dispersion coefficient is generally estimated from tracer studies but the method can be expensive and time consuming, especially for large rivers. A number of empirical relations are available to estimate the dispersion coefficient; however, these relations are known to produce estimates within an order of magnitude of the tracer value. The focus of this paper is on using the shear-flow dispersion theory to directly estimate the dispersion coefficient from velocity measurements obtained using an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (ADCP). Using tracer and hydrodynamic data collected within the same river reaches, we examined conditions under which the ADCP and tracer methods produced similar results. Since dead zones / transient storage (TS) are known to influence the dispersion coefficient, we assessed the relative importance of dead zones in different stream reaches using two tracer-based approaches: (1) TS modeling which explicitly accounts for dead zones and (2) the advection–dispersion equation (ADE) which does not have separate terms for dead zones. Dispersion coefficients based on the ADE tend to be relatively high as they describe some of the effects of dead zones as well. Results based on the ADCP method were found to be in good agreement with the ADE estimates indicating that storage zones play an important role in the estimated dispersion coefficients, especially at high flows. For the river sites examined in this paper, the tracer estimates of dispersion were close to the median values of the ADCP estimates obtained from multiple datasets within a reach. The ADCP method appears to be an excellent alternative to the traditional tracer-based method if care is taken to avoid spurious data and multiple datasets are used to compute a distance-weighted average or other appropriate measure that represents reach-averaged conditions.     

Quantifying the suspended sediment discharge to the ocean from the Markham River,Papua New Guinea

The Markham River is a small river draining a tropical mountain range with altitudes between 1000 and 3000 m and discharges directly into a submarine canyon, the head of which is at 30 m depth and reaches depths of 500 m only 4 km from the shore. As such, the Markham discharge system serves as a possible analogue for rivers discharging onto margins during low stands of sea-level. Located in a tectonically active area and with high rainfall, sediment supply is high and episodic and is sometimes related to catastrophic mountain landslides. The river has an estimated sediment load of 12 Mt yr⁻¹. Occasionally, high energy flows are generated at the river mouth which is evident from the channel morphology and sediment distribution. Profiles of salinity and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) show that sediment is dispersed via a plume with components at both the surface, intermediate depth along isopycnal surfaces and near the sea bed. The dispersal pattern of the surface freshwater plume is largely determined by the buoyancy force. The surface plume is very thin with salinity gradients 15 ppt m⁻¹ while a Richardson number greater than unity suggested that the mixing zone is highly stratified. Estimates of the horizontal sediment flux gradient of the surface plume along the estuary axis suggest that about 80% of the sediment discharged is lost from the plume within a distance of 2 km from the river mouth. Particle fall velocities estimated from the vertical flux indicate values less than those of flocculated material. Layers of sediment with SSCs between 500 and 1000 mg l⁻¹ were observed at intermediate depths and near the seabed during periods of both high and intermediate discharge. The mass of sediment in a SSC layer at intermediate depths between 150 and 250 m within the canyon channel was estimated to be equivalent to an average of 2 to 3 days of Markham sediment discharge. SSCs near the seabed of between 250 and 750 mg l⁻¹ suggest that layers of significantly elevated density exist near the seabed, moving under the influence of gravity down steep seabed slopes of the Markham canyon.     

Nearshore bar migration and sediment-induced buoyancy effects

A 1-D General Ocean Turbulence Model that includes the effects of sediment-induced stratification is shown to simulate the observed onshore and offshore migration of a nearshore sandbar. The only two free parameters of the model, the bed reference concentration and the sediment diffusivity, are taken from the literature, rather than tuned to the data used here. The model results suggest that predictions of onshore bar migration, in which wave-induced sediment transport confined to within a few centimeters of the bottom dominates, are not greatly affected by accounting for buoyancy effects. The model results also suggest that both mean flows and waves transport sediment during offshore bar migration, with different components of transport dominating at different cross-shore locations across the bar-trough bathymetry. Neglecting the effects of sediment-induced stratification results in higher model skill during the largest waves, likely because the excess turbulence production simulated by the non-stratified model is counterbalanced by neglected breaking-wave-generated turbulence. Considering both onshore and offshore migration, the model that includes sediment-induced stratification has higher skill than the model without stratification.     

基于人工神经网络的喀斯特地区水资源承载力综合评价——以贵州省为例

运用BP网络对贵州喀斯特地区水资源承载力进行综合评价,并与灰色关联投影法评价结果进行对比。结果表明,两种方法的评价结果整体差别不大,但安顺市和铜仁地区的承载力差别很大。神经网络法所得结果,铜仁地区水资源开发利用潜力最大,而安顺市则很小,仅高于贵阳市;但灰色关联投影法所得结果,铜仁地区的水资源承载力却比安顺市低很多。通过与前人研究结果比较,BP网络的评价结果更加符合实际情况。应用Kohonen网络进行分析,结果表明水资源总量和经济发展水平是影响贵州各地区水资源承载力的主要因素;此外,人口对遵义市的水资源承载力也有较大的影响,铜仁和毕节地区受喀斯特的影响较其他地区显著。      

Comprehensive measurement for carrying capacity of resources and environment of city clusters in central China

Studying the carrying capacity of resources and environment of city clusters in the central China has impor-tant practical guidance significance for promoting the healthy,sustainable and stable development of this region.Ac-cording to their influencing factors and reciprocity mechanism,using system dynamics approaches,this paper built a SD model for measuring the carrying capacity of resources and environment of the city clusters in the central China,and through setting different development models,the comprehensive measurement analysis on the carrying capacity was carried out.The results show that the model of promoting socio-economic development under the protection of resources and environment is the optimal model for promoting the harmony development of resources,environment,society and economy in the city clusters.According to this model,the optimum population scale of the city clusters in2020 is 42.80×106 persons,and the moderate economic development scale is 22.055× 1012 yuan(RMB).In 1996-2020,the carrying capacity of resources and environment in the city clusters took on obvious phase-change characteristics.During the studied period,it is basically at the initial development stage,and will come through the development process from slow development to speedup development.     

隧道衬砌厚度不足的健康判据试验研究

针对目前隧道健康诊断指标判据不统一的现状,采用室内相似模型试验,结合实际工程实例,研究了隧道支护结构衬砌减薄状态下围岩与支护结构破坏规律与极限承载能力,得出了隧道支护结构在相应的受力状态下健康状态判据。结果表明：隧道衬砌支护结构的位移特征以拱肩的压入和拱顶的挤出为主,随着拱顶衬砌支护结构减薄量的增加,支护结构衬砌与围岩之间的接触应力逐渐减小,结构的承载能力逐渐下降,隧道拱顶部位的位移增加,其柔性逐渐增大,隧道拱顶内侧被压溃,外侧受到拉力作用而开裂,随后隧道拱腰和边墙出现裂纹,最后逐渐扩展贯通;隧道承载力曲线呈现明显的“S”型,据此可以划分为承载力缓慢退化阶段、快速退化阶段和退化完成阶段,相对应的阶段可以划分为隧道结构的健康等级与级别,为工程应用提供了参考依据