Isotope-aided modelling of ecohydrologic fluxes and water ages under mixed land use in Central Europe: The 2018 drought and its recovery

Understanding the interactions of vegetation and soil water under varying hydrological conditions is crucial to aid quantitative assessment of land-use sustainability for maintaining water supply for humans and plants. Isolating and estimating the volume and ages of water stored within different compartments of the critical zone, and the associated fluxes of evaporation, transpiration, and groundwater recharge, facilitates quantification of these soil–plant-water interactions and the response of ecohydrological fluxes to wet and dry periods. We used the tracer-aided ecohydrological model EcH₂O-iso to examine the response of water ages of soil water storage, groundwater recharge, evaporation, and root-uptake at a mixed land use site, in northeastern Germany during the drought of 2018 and in the following winter months. The approach applied uses a dynamic vegetation routine which constrains water use by ecological mechanisms. Two sites with regionally typical land-use types were investigated: a forested site with sandy soils and a deep rooting zone and a grassland site, with loamier soils and shallower rooting zone. This results in much younger water ages (<1 year) through the soil profile in the forest compared to the grass, coupled with younger groundwater recharge. The higher water use in the forest resulted in a more pronounced annual cycle of water ages compared to the more consistent water age in the loamier soil of the grasslands. The deeper rooting zone of the forested site also resulted in older root-uptake water usage relative to soil evaporation, while the grassland site root-uptake was similar to that of soil evaporation. Besides more dynamic water ages in the forest, replenishment of younger soil waters to soil storage was within 6 months following the drought (cf. >8 months in the grassland). The temporal evaluation of the responsiveness of soil and vegetation interactions in hydrologic extremes such as 2018 is essential to understand changes in hydrological processes and the resilience of the landscape to the longer and more severe summer droughts predicted under future climate change.     

武汉市轨道交通4号线二期工程GPS控制网的建立及精度分析

介绍武汉市轨道交通4号线二期工程GPS控制网的设计、外业观测和数据处理,分析本次GPS控制网的成果精度,并就GPS技术在城市轨道平面控制测量中的应用提出有益的意见.     

基于In SAR的城市地下轨道交通沉降与灾害监测

城市地铁建设会对邻域造成地质环境损伤,甚至发生灾变。传统基于点位测量的方法在实际应用过程中存在野外作业周期长、受天气影响及耗费大量人力物力等缺点。因此,本文基于城市地下轨道交通安全施工中的应用需求,以天津市地铁五号线为例,利用27景Terra SAR数据和PS-InSAR时序监测方法,对地下轨道交通地铁站和隧道施工影响进行了监测和评估。结果表明,PS-InSAR能在施工期间监测到地铁线及周边的形变,有利于城市轨道交通全生命健康监测。     

鉄道における早期地震警報システムの変遷

我国经济快速发展和城市化进程加快,核电站、大型水坝等重大基础设施不断涌现,高速公路、轨道交通、长输管线、城市管网等生命线工程日趋密集、复杂,一旦遭遇强烈地震,可能产生极为严重的次生灾害和难以估量的间接经济损失。本文介绍了国家重点研发项目“重大工程地震紧急处置技术研发与示范应用”的主要进展。目前已提出面向点、线状重大工程的地震动输入方法,以及基于复杂地形数值模拟的面状地震动输入。给出了新一代基于性态的工程结构地震易损性分析方法。开展了城市轨道交通高架桥车—轨—桥耦合地震反应,小区燃气调压站房、管线、阀门和土相耦合的地震反应分析及核电站结构与设备地震耦合作用研究。建立了重大工程紧急处置专用的震级、震中距、紧急处置范围估算公式,研究了基于P波段双参数阈值的现地地震警报预测方法,建立了地震动参数的风险概率模型。对重大工程地震紧急处置信息发布技术系统进行了顶层设计,对地震预警信息发布终端的协议进行了解析,搭建了地震预警信息接收技术系统。研制了行业定制化的地震紧急处置接收与报警装置、电梯开关装置、燃气切断阀门。地震破坏场景虚拟演示内融合地震信息、风险评估信息、地理信息系统,有力地推进城市重大工程地震紧急处置平台的建设。研发的城市轨道交通地震预警紧急处置系统开始在国家铁道试验中心城轨试验线开展示范;多参数核电站地震仪表系统开始在红沿河核电站开展示范;城镇燃气地震信息监测控制系统在北京平谷区峪口镇开展示范。     

洛哌丁胺对大鼠慢传输型便秘模型的稳定性研究

目的：观察洛哌丁胺对大鼠慢传输型便秘模型稳定性的影响。方法：将20只大鼠随机分成对照组、模型组、模型维持组、治疗组,每组各5只。模型组、模型维持组、治疗组予洛哌丁胺混悬液灌胃,对照组以等体积的0.9%氯化钠注射液灌胃,连续6 d。造模第7天开始模型维持组继续予洛哌丁胺混悬液灌胃,治疗组灌胃莫沙必利混悬液,对照组及模型组灌胃等体积0.9%氯化钠注射液。观察大鼠造模前、造模6d和干预6d后的一般情况、6 h粪便粒数及重量、粪便含水率及大肠墨汁推进率。结果：造模6 d后大鼠出现活动减少,采食减少,毛发枯萎脱落,尿黄,大便数量及含水量减少;模型组造模停止6 d后及治疗组干预后大鼠一般情况改善,采食量、体质量增长,粪便粒数、粪便含水率均增加。各组大鼠6 h粪便粒数、重量、含水量方面,造模6d后,模型组、模型维持组、治疗组与对照组组间比较及造模前后组内比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）;对照组、模型组、治疗组与模型维持组比较,差异均有统计学意义P<0.05）;治疗组、模型维持组、模型组干预6d后与造模6d后比较,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。对照组、模型组、治疗组与模型维持组大鼠大肠墨汁推进率比较,差异均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：洛哌丁胺大鼠慢传输型便秘模型是一种相对简便的慢传输型便秘大鼠模型,模型停药后可自愈,需用药物维持模型的稳定性。     

Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin

Abstract

Precipitation and streamwater were analysed weekly for δ¹⁸O in seven tributaries and five main stem sites of a 2100 km² catchment; >60% of it is upland in character. Precipitation δ¹⁸O followed seasonal patterns ranging from –20‰ in winter to –4‰ in summer. Seasonality was also evident in stream waters, though much more damped. Mean transit times (MTTs) were estimated using δ¹⁸O input–output relationships in a convolution integral with a gamma distribution. The MTTs were relatively similar (528–830 days): tributaries exhibited a greater range, being shorter in catchments with montane topography and hydrologically responsive soils, and longer where catchments have significant water storage. Along the main stem, MTTs increased modestly from 621 to 741 days. This indicates that montane headwaters are the dominant sources of runoff along the main stem of the river system. Models suggest that around 10% of runoff has transit times of less than two weeks during higher flows whilst older (>10-year old) water sustains low flows contributing around 5% of runoff.

Citation Speed, M., Tetzlaff, D., Hrachowitz, M. & Soulsby, C. (2011) Evolution of the spatial and temporal characteristics of the isotope hydrology of a montane river basin. Hydrol. Sci. J. 56(3), 426–442     

煤储层弹性能及其控藏效应:以沁水盆地为例

煤层气成藏的主控因素包括合适的压力系统、运移系统以及相应的能量作用机制,其实质是煤储层有效压力系统和有效运移系统时空配置关系。而煤储层弹性能正是有效压力系统与有效运移系统之间的联系和作用纽带。文中提出了不同相态物质的弹性能模型,建立了煤层气成藏效应三元判识标志,并探讨了沁水盆地三元判识标志的展布特征。三元判识标志包括煤储层裂隙发育程度系数ζ1、煤储层裂隙开合程度系数Δ、煤储层压力系统发育程度系数ζ2。其中ζ1、Δ可以定量表示煤储层有效运移系统,ζ2可以定量表示煤储层有效压力系统。依据三元判识标志,分析了煤储层弹性能控藏效应,并提出判别煤层气成藏类型的三元模式。研究认为:煤层气成藏效应类型可分为27种,其中8种类型有利于煤层气富集高产。而沁水盆地实际上只存在2种有利类型,即有效压力系统-有效运移系统类型和较有效压力系统-较有效运移系统类型,分别分布于盆地南部大宁—潘庄—樊庄地区、沁水—郑庄—樊庄以及中部的沁源—安泽之间。     

Preliminary evaluation of the runoff processes in a remote montane cloud forest basin using Mixing Model Analysis and Mean Transit Time

In this study, the Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis methods are combined to unravel the runoff generation process of the San Francisco River basin (73.5 km²) situated on the Amazonian side of the Cordillera Real in the southernmost Andes of Ecuador. The montane basin is covered with cloud forest, sub‐páramo, pasture and ferns. Nested sampling was applied for the collection of streamwater samples and discharge measurements in the main tributaries and outlet of the basin, and for the collection of soil and rock water samples. Weekly to biweekly water grab samples were taken at all stations in the period April 2007–November 2008. Hydrometric data, Mean Transit Time and Mixing Model Analysis allowed preliminary evaluation of the processes controlling the runoff in the San Francisco River basin. Results suggest that flow during dry conditions mainly consists of lateral flow through the C‐horizon and cracks in the top weathered bedrock layer, and that all subcatchments have an important contribution of this deep water to runoff, no matter whether pristine or deforested. During normal to low precipitation intensities, when antecedent soil moisture conditions favour water infiltration, vertical flow paths to deeper soil horizons with subsequent lateral subsurface flow contribute most to streamflow. Under wet conditions in forested catchments, streamflow is controlled by near surface lateral flow through the organic horizon. Exceptionally, saturation excess overland flow occurs. By absence of the litter layer in pasture, streamflow under wet conditions originates from the A horizon, and overland flow. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.