冰雹生长物理过程参数化研究

对冰雹生长物理过程的理论与实验研究都表明 ,冰雹生长过程中表面热量与质量传输决定了冰雹生长率及其结构特征。然而 ,许多模式研究者在冰雹的热量平衡方程中 ,关键的热传输系数一直引用Ranz和Marshall在小雷诺数下对水滴蒸发的测定结果进行外推 ,与实际的冰雹状况差距较大。本文利用郑国光在与实际冰雹尺度相对应的雷诺数范围内 ,对热传输系数的测定结果 ,进行参数化处理 ,应用于胡志晋等的一维及三维冰雹生长模式 ,结果发现冰雹的融化、蒸发、干湿增长都有很大不同。其中冰雹的融化率比原模式大 12 %～ 5 0 % ;冰雹的蒸发率比原模式大 10 %～ 2 0 0 % ;冰雹的干湿增长率增大 10 %～ 40 %。     

Measurements Of Turbulence Transfer In The Near-Surface Layer Over The Southeastern Tibetan Plateau

Turbulent flux measurements at Qamdo site over the Tibetan Plateau during TIPEX from May 18 to June 30, 1998 are presented. Sensible heat dominated,accounting for about 66% of the available energy (the sum of net radiation and soil heat flux) prior to the monsoon(dry period), reducing to about 31%, with latent heat increased to about 56% of available energy,in the monsoon season (wet period). Surface energy budget closure on average was about 0.80 (0.85)prior to the monsoon and 0.89 (0.76) during the monsoon using eddy correlation (profile) methods. The sum of latent and sensible heat fluxes calculated from the flux-profilemethod was smaller by about 15% than that from eddy correlation. Martano's method is used toestimate the surface aerodynamic roughness length z₀ and zero plane displacement d from singlelevel sonic anemometer data, giving d = 0.12 m and z₀ = 0.08 m. The overall neutral dragcoefficient (C_DN) and scalar coefficient (C_HN) were found to be C_DN = 0.0055and C_HN = 0.0059 in the southeastern area of Tibet. Their variations with the mean wind speed at 10 m are discussed.     

Study Of `Soft' Night-Time Surface-Layer Decoupling Over Forest Canopies In A Land-Surface Model

The cause of a night-time land-surface model cold bias over forest canopies at threedifferent sites is studied in connection with various formulations of turbulent transferand the phenomenon of decoupling between the surface and the boundary layer. Themodel is the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS), a leading internationally knownmodel that has been tested over a variety of instrumented sites. The bias was first attributed to a deficient turbulent transfer and a few formulations were compared. One formulation is the classical log-linear profile with a sharp cut-off of the fluxes at a critical Richardsonnumber around 0.2, while in the other ones the flux decreases less rapidly with increasingstatic stability. While the surface-layer formulations have an impact on the modelled canopy temperature, other causes were found for the negative bias. The CLASS model neglected the heat capacity of the air trapped inside the canopy and its inclusion multiplied theeffective heat capacity of the canopy, by a factor ranging from 2.3 to 3.4 for the canopies studied, and reduced the error. A correction was also made to the air specific humidity at canopy level and the topsoil thermal conductivity was changed from that of organic matter to that of mineral soil. With these modifications, and using the incoming longwave radiative flux instead of the net longwave flux, the bias almost completely disappeared. Using ascheme with more heat transfer at large static stability, obtained by assuming that thefluxes decrease in magnitude with height in the surface layer, reduced the original biaswhile using the log-linear formulation amplified the cold bias. The impact of the turbulent transfer formulations is much reduced when they are applied to model runs in which the other above modifications have been made.The phenomenon of decoupling is presented and its understanding is complementedwith the new notions of `hard' versus `soft' decoupling and complete versus incompletedecoupling, depending on the impact decoupling has on the model and on the effectiveness of the model in achieving the decoupling. The geostrophic wind speed is a determiningfactor in separating cases of hard decoupling (rare) from the soft cases (frequent) while the completeness of the decoupling primarily depends on the form of the turbulent transfer curve as a function of static stability.     

基于桥梁抖振分析的自激力计算方法

抖振是桥梁在风荷载作用下的一种经常性的限幅振动。对于长大跨度桥梁在计算其抖振响应时不得不考虑自激力的影响，而自激力的计算方法不一，且其计算过程复杂，繁琐。本文根据抖振计算理论，研究一种自激力的实用计算方法，并对军山斜拉桥进行自激力计算。     

关于两相介质动力学问题建模的注记

本以清楚的物理概念、依据经典力学原理建立了两相介质完整的动力学非线性方程组。然后，阐明了将此方程组线性化的条件：孔隙率、密度随空间的变化远小于它们在该处随时间的变化；孔隙率、密度的变化所引起的位移和孔压等量的变化可以忽略不计。在此条件下，位移、孔压等变量与孔隙率和密度变量解耦，可独立地进行求解，澄清了Biot等模型中隐含的矛盾，即孔隙率和密度不变与孔隙流体可压缩和骨架可变形之间的矛盾。最后，通过比较几种常用的模型，指出它们之间的主要匹配在于本构关系和连续性方程，且土力学模型是Biot模型和Zienkiewicz模型的特例。     

地震前兆数据的自动传输与入库

以数字观测地震前兆数据的传输，处理，入库和服务的流程为基础。研究实现了前兆台网中心对前兆数据的自动传输，入库和管理，减少了人为干预，有效地提高了前兆数据处理工作的效率。     

粉喷桩复合地基的数值计算分析

结合粉喷桩复合地基的特点，提出采用过渡层模拟桩接触面的思路，进行了轴对称Biot固结有限元计算分析。与实测资料对比表明，可较好地揭示粉喷桩复合地基的荷载传递规律和沉降变形特性。通过对加固区和下卧层的应力计算分析，揭示了粉喷桩复合地基的附加应力场的分布特性，说明所采用的计算方法是合理可行的。     

Diatoms as indicators of climatic and limnological change in Swedish Lapland: a 100-lake calibration set and its validation for paleoecological reconstructions

This study investigated the distribution of subfossil diatom assemblages in surficial sediments of 100 lakes along steep ecological and climatic gradients in northernmost Sweden (Abisko region, 67.07° N to 68.48° N latitude, 17.67° E to 23.52° E longitude) to develop and cross-validate transfer functions for paleoenvironmental reconstruction. Of 19 environmental variables determined for each site, 15 were included in the statistical analysis. Lake-water pH (8.0%), sedimentary loss-on-ignition (LOI, 5.9% and estimated mean July air temperature (July T, 4.8%) explained the greatest amounts of variation in the distribution of diatom taxa among the 100 lakes. Temperature and pH optima and tolerances were calculated for abundant taxa. Transfer functions, based on WA-PLS (weighted averaging partial least squares), were developed for pH (r² = 0.77, root-mean-square-error of prediction (RMSEP) = 0.19 pH units, maximum bias = 0.31, as assessed by leave-one-out cross-validation) based on 99 lakes and for July T (r² = 0.75, RMSEP = 0.96 °C, max. bias = 1.37 °C) based on the full 100 lake set. We subsequently assessed the ability of the diatom transfer functions to estimate lake-water pH and July T using a form of independent cross-validation. To do this, the 100-lake set was divided in two subsets. An 85-lake training-set (based on single limnological measurements) was used to develop transfer functions with similar performance as those based on the full 100 lakes, and a 15-lake test-set (with 2 years of monthly limnological measurements throughout the ice-free seasons) was used to test the transfer functions developed from the 85-lake training-set. Results from the intra-set cross-validation exercise demonstrated that lake-specific prediction errors (RMSEP) for the 15-lake test-set corresponded closely with the median measured values (pH) and the estimations based on spatial interpolations of data from weather stations (July T). The prediction errors associated with diatom inferences were usually within the range of seasonal and interannual variability. Overall, our results confirm that diatoms can provide reliable and robust estimates of lake-water pH and July T, that WA-PLS is a robust calibration method and that long-term environmental data are needed for further improvement of paleolimnological transfer functions.     

Chinese Industrial and Science Parks: Bridging the Gap

This article proposes the addition of a “bridge high technology” stage to Park's (1996) Asian development model, based upon field research and analysis of four “science and technology parks” in different regions of China: Shenzhen, Shanghai, Suzhou, and Xi’an. Initially established as learning districts to foster technology transfer from foreign to domestic enterprises, these specially configured spaces exhibit a variety of interactions indicating an increasing shift toward domestically generated technology for native companies. The mix and type of companies in parks at different locations within China reflect the locational comparative advantages of each place, whether as an outgrowth of local research or by government design.     

基于栅格累加法的塔里木盆地沙漠化分析

土地沙漠化是当今全球最严峻的环境问题之一,也是我国西北干旱区面临的主要生态环境问题。开展土地沙漠化动态研究有助于沙漠化灾害防治与国土资源空间开发。以2000-2018年MODIS-NDVI 1 km月数据为基础,运用栅格累加法与转移矩阵法对塔里木盆地土地沙漠化的变化速率、空间特征及其成因进行探索分析,结果表明:(1)土地沙漠化是一个具有年际波动和累积效应的动态变化过程;(2)栅格累加法具有较强的连续动态分析能力,能准确分析土地沙漠化变化速率、演变趋势、变化的空间特征,可以定量分析土地沙漠化原因;(3)塔里木盆地沙漠化退化主要是草地的退化,沙漠化改善则主要是林地和耕地的改善;(4)2000-2018年,塔里木盆地土地沙漠化整体呈极重度沙漠化逐级向非沙漠化变化的改善趋势,转移路径为:极重度沙漠化→重度沙漠化→中度沙漠化→轻度沙漠化→非沙漠化,改善区主要分布在绿洲区,恶化区主要在塔里木河中游与车尔臣河下游,土地沙漠化成因主要为人类活动。此文研究方法为土地沙漠化动态监测提供了一种新思路,其研究结果可为塔里木盆地国土资源开发和沙漠化治理提供理论依据。