A Trajectory-Oriented, Carriageway-Based Road Network Data Model, Part 2： Methodology

IntroductionIf let roadway entities be denoted by arcs and in-tersections be denoted by nodes, then a road net-work can be represented with node-arc model. Be-cause the designation of nodes can be determinedby arcs according to the definition of node-arc mod-el, howto designate arcs becomes the key of repre-senting a road network. As described in the firstpaper of the series, all four kinds of roadway enti-ties (i.e., streets, road segments, carriageways,and lanes) can be represented by arcs. …     

Geomorphological and sequence stratigraphic variability in wave‐dominated,shoreface‐shelf parasequences

Abstract Physical stratigraphy within shoreface‐shelf parasequences contains a detailed, but virtually unstudied, record of shallow‐marine processes over a range of historical and geological timescales. Using high‐quality outcrop data sets, it is possible to reconstruct ancient shoreface‐shelf morphology from clinoform surfaces, and to track the evolving morphology of the ancient shoreface‐shelf. Our results suggest that shoreface‐shelf morphology varied considerably in response to processes that operate over a range of timescales. (1) Individual clinoform surfaces form as a result of enhanced wave scour and/or sediment starvation, which may be driven by minor fluctuations in relative sea level, sediment supply and/or wave climate over short timescales (10¹?10³ years). These external controls cannot be distinguished in vertical facies successions, but may potentially be differentiated by the resulting clinoform geometries. (2) Clinoform geometry and distribution changes systematically within a single parasequence, reflecting the cycle in sea level and/or sediment supply that produced the parasequence (10²?10⁵ years). These changes record steepening of the shoreface‐shelf profile during early progradation and maintenance of a relatively uniform profile during late progradation. Modern shorefaces are not representative of this stratigraphic variability. (3) Clinoform geometries vary greatly between different parasequences as a result of variations in parasequence stacking pattern and relict shelf morphology during shoreface progradation (10⁵?10⁸ years). These controls determine the external dimensions of the parasequence.     

沙纹弹道成因理论评析

运用风沙地貌蚀积原理对长期风靡于风沙地貌学研究领域的R·A·拜格诺跃移质冲击起动学说进行了评析,在肯定该学说正确方面和历史贡献的同时,对其中的沙纹弹道成因理论提出了异议。在分析弹道理论特点后认为,跃移质等量、等高、等距的三等特性是拜氏冲击起动学说在沙纹成因上的具体运用和观点的集中体现。分析认为沙粒跃移特性轨迹只存在于少量的跃移质中,且很少具有连续性;它不能取代普遍存在于风沙移动之中沙粒的3种运动形式,也无法体现沙粒两种起动的相互关系和沙粒在移动中所表现出来的高低不一,移距长短不同的差异性和分选性。评析强调沙粒起动和沙粒运移的多样性,在寻求它们的规律时,不应简化其多样性,或追求运动的单一性和特殊性。实验证明,沙纹无论在初始的形成阶段,还是在后续的演进阶段,均有风力起动和冲击起动的参与,而不是跃移质单一冲击的结果。沙纹有规则的排列主要是贴地夹沙气流周期性脉动的反映,而不是跃移质特性轨迹的重演。     

黑河中游地区耕地景观演变及社会经济驱动力分析

选取1987~2010年的土地利用数据,运用变化轨迹分析方法以及景观指数表征黑河中游地区耕地景观的演变过程,采用偏最小二乘回归模型分析耕地景观演变的驱动力。结果表明：从耕地的变化轨迹来看,研究期间耕地的扩张是黑河中游地区耕地景观演变的主要趋势;从空间上来看,扩张型耕地和缩减型耕地分布趋向集中,主要集中在稳定型耕地边缘,同时耕地扩张的方向趋向河流;从驱动因素分析来看,总人口、城市化、产业发展、机电井数等是促使耕地景观演变的主要社会经济驱动因素,但是各个驱动因素的驱动作用均有差异。     

高精度CORS站像控点自动提取方法

CORS站持续稳定运行产生了海量高精度定位点数据,如何挖掘提取高精度可用像控点,以替代部分像控点人工选择或外业测绘工作,具有重要推广价值。本文提出了一种基于高精度CORS定位数据的像控点自动提取方法,并研发了像控点自动提取工具。首先采用Douglas-Peucker算法实现轨迹简化;然后利用ST-DBSCAN提取聚类中心;最后进一步栅格化,优化提取得到高可用像控点集。试验结果表明,像控点提取结果的准确率在94%以上,大大减少了像控点采集的工作量,重复利用高精度像控点信息具有广阔应用前景。     

Curvedness feature constrained map matching for low-frequency probe vehicle data

Map matching method is a fundamental preprocessing technique for massive probe vehicle data. Various transportation applications need map matching methods to provide highly accurate and stable results. However, most current map matching approaches employ elementary geometric or topological measures, which may not be sufficient to encode the characteristic of realistic driving paths, leading to inefficiency and inaccuracy, especially in complex road networks. To address these issues, this article presents a novel map matching method, based on the measure of curvedness of Global Positioning System (GPS) trajectories. The curvature integral, which measures the curvedness feature of GPS trajectories, is considered to be one of the major matching characteristics that constrain pairwise matching between the two adjacent GPS track points. In this article, we propose the definition of the curvature integral in the context of map matching, and develop a novel accurate map matching algorithm based on the curvedness feature. Using real-world probe vehicles data, we show that the curvedness feature (CURF) constrained map matching method outperforms two classical methods for accuracy and stability under complicated road environments.     

Metamorphic evolution of garnet-bearing ultramafic rocks from the Gongen area, Sanbagawa belt, Japan

Garnet‐bearing ultramafic rocks including clinopyroxenite, wehrlite and websterite locally crop out in the Higashi‐akaishi peridotite of the Besshi region in the Cretaceous Sanbagawa metamorphic belt. These rock types occur within dunite as lenses, boudins or layers with a thickness ranging from a few centimetres to 1 metre. The wide and systematic variation of bulk‐rock composition and the overall layered structure imply that the ultramafic complex originated as a cumulate sequence. Garnet and other major silicates contain rare inclusions of edenitic amphibole, chlorite and magnetite, implying equilibrium at relatively low P–T conditions during prograde metamorphism. Orthopyroxene coexisting with garnet shows bell‐shaped Al zoning with a continuous decrease of Al from the core towards the rim, consistent with rims recording peak metamorphic conditions. Estimated P–T conditions using core and rim compositions of orthopyroxene are 1.5–2.4 GPa/700–800 °C and 2.9–3.8 GPa/700–810 °C, respectively, implying a high P/T gradient (> 3.1 GPa/100 °C) during prograde metamorphism. The presence of relatively low P–T conditions at an early stage of metamorphism and the steep P/T gradient together trace a concave upwards P–T path that shows increasing P/T with higher T, similar to P–T paths reported from other UHP metamorphic terranes. These results suggest either (1) down dragging of hydrated mantle cumulate parallel to the slab–wedge interface in the subduction zone by mechanical coupling with the subducting slab or (2) ocean floor metamorphism and/or serpentinization at early stage of subduction of oceanic lithosphere and ensuing HP–UHP prograde metamorphism.     

面向地理空间信息的轨迹模型及时空模式查询

轨迹数据处理与分析是目前空间信息和数据库等相关领域的研究热点之一。本文从Stop-Move轨迹模型出发,通过集成地理空间上下文信息来建模轨迹数据,并研究轨迹时空模式的查询处理技术。首先分析Stop/Move对象与点/线/面地理空间要素之间的时空关联关系,据此提出显式表达该关联语义的地理关联轨迹模型,在此基础上利用关系-对象数据库技术,为地理关联轨迹模型设计独立于应用的关系模式,接着定义轨迹时空模式查询,并提出基于地理关联轨迹关系模式的SQL处理框架,最后以典型性检索请求为例,讨论分析位置-时间、位置-顺序和位置-关系等三类轨迹时空模式查询的纯SQL处理技术,并以样例轨迹数据验证了本文方法的可行性。     

移动轨迹的尺度特征

移动轨迹是移动对象在地理空间环境中移动而留下的痕迹。移动轨迹数据是一类特殊的地理时空数据,它具有时间尺度、空间尺度和语义尺度特征。本文首先分析了轨迹数据的空间尺度特征与时间尺度特征,建立了轨迹空间尺度与时间尺度转换关系式;然后论述了轨迹的语义内涵和语义尺度特征,将轨迹语义分为移动对象语义、地理空间环境语义、采集设备语义、移动方式语义,并从地理空间环境语义的角度分析了轨迹的语义多尺度;最后探讨了轨迹语义尺度与时空尺度之间的一致性关系。     

国产高分辨率遥感影像农村公路核查方法及其应用

传统的农村公路核查需要人工实地抽查或通过GNSS设备进行信息采集验核,存在成本高、效率低等问题。遥感影像具有成像范围广、时效性高、成本低、能客观反映现实情况等优点。相比于传统方法,将遥感影像引入农村公路核查,能客观、准确、高效地对农村公路相关信息进行核查。本文基于国产高分辨率遥感影像,结合农村公路遥感核查业务,采用遥感影像道路提取算法,设计并实现了一种农村公路核查方法。将本方法应用于某中部省份农村公路遥感核查业务,实际应用表明该方法能有效提高现有农村公路遥感核查的工作效率。