Spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils: a case study of Changxing,China

Six hundred and sixty-five soil samples were taken from Changxing County in Zhejiang Province, China, to characterize the spatial variability of Hg Cd, Pb, Cu, As and Cr. The geostatistics and geographic information system (GIS) techniques were applied, and the ordinary kriging and lognormal kriging were used to map the spatial patterns of the six heavy metals. Hg, Pb, Cu and As were fitted to the spherical model with a range of 85.75, 82.32, 86.10, and 23.17 km, respectively. Cr was fitted to the exponential model with a range of 6.27 km, and Cd was fitted to the linear model with a range of 37.66 km. Both Pb and Cu had strong spatial dependence due to the effects of natural factors including parent material, topography and soil type. Hg, Cd, Cr and As had, however, moderate spatial dependence, indicating an involvement of human factors. Meanwhile, based on the comparison between the original data and the guide values of the six metals, the disjunctive kriging technique was used to quantify their pollution risks. The results showed that only Cd and Hg exhibited pollution risks in the study area. The pollution source evaluated was closely corresponded with the real discharge of industrial production and the application of organomercury pesticides. The results of this study provide insight into risk assessment of environmental pollution and decision making for agricultural production and industrial adjustment of building materials.     

Geoaccumulation and distribution of heavy metals in the urban river sediment

Current study presents the application of chemometric techniques to comprehend the interrelations among sediment variables whilst identifying the possible pollution source at Langat River,Malaysia.Surface sediment samples（0-10 cm）were collected at 22 sampling stations and analyzed for total metals（~（48）Cd,~（29）Cu,~（30）Zn,~（82）Pb）,pH,redox potential（Eh）,salinity,electrical conductivity（EC）,loss on ignition（LOI）and cation exchange capacity（CEC）.The principal component analysis（PCA）scrutinized the origin of environmental pollution by various anthropogenic and natural activities：four principal components were obtained with 86.34%（5 cm）and88.34%（10 cm）.Standard,forward and backward stepwise discriminant analysis effectively discriminate 2variables（84.06%）indicating high variation of heavy metals accumulation at both depth.The cluster analysis accounted for high input of Zn and Pb at LA8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12 that mergers three（5 cm）and four（10cm）into clusters.This is consistent with the contamination factor（C_1）that shows high Cd（LA 1）and Pb（LA 7,LA 8,LA 10,LA 11 and LA 12）contaminations at 5cm.These indicate that Pb and Zn are the most bioavailable metals in the sediment with significant positive linear relationship at both sediment depths.Therefore,this approach is a good indication of environmental pollution status that transfers new findings on the assessment of heavy metals by interpreting large complex datasets and predicting the fate of heavy metals in the sediment.     

中国东部陆架海底质沉积物环境磁学研究进展

中国东部陆架海是我国河流沉积物主要的汇,其沉积物记录了丰富的地质信息,环境磁学作为一种快速准确的研究手段,其在我国海洋沉积物的应用已显示出独有的优势。通过对我国东部陆架海沉积物的环境磁学研究,目前已经掌握其磁学分布特征,同时,环境磁学作为有效的示踪手段对沉积物物质来源有明显的指示意义,在指示沉积物还原氧化环境方面也取得了不错的研究成果。另一方面,在研究区环境磁学手段对重金属污染、磁性地层学应用以及古气候变化也有良好的反映,取得了一定成果。因此,环境磁学作为一种逐步普遍的地学研究手段,它的存在是对以往研究的有力补充,也会对今后研究加以新的思路。     

重金属高背景区水稻镉积累与健康安全风险评价：以云南省会泽县娜姑镇为例

调查发现,重金属高背景区存在土壤中的镉含量超标,而农作物中的镉含量并未超标的现象,但对其原因知之甚少。开展区内农作物镉积累研究并探寻制约农作物镉吸收的因素,对土壤环境质量评价和污染土地生态修复都具有重要意义。以云南省会泽县娜姑镇娜姑坝子为研究区,采集了水稻籽实和配套土壤样品各41件,采用ICP-MS方法检测了Cd含量。通过偏相关、R型聚类、逐步线性回归等分析了水稻镉与土壤元素（指标）之间的相关关系。结果显示,水田土壤镉（Cd）含量为 0.467~1.87 mg/kg,平均为 0.78 mg/kg,是全国土壤背景值的 5.69 倍,58.5% 的样品超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值。水稻（糙米）镉含量为 0.007~0.062 mg/kg,平均 0.016 mg/kg,均低于食品安全国家标准限值。水稻镉与土壤铀（U）、钼（Mo）等呈显著正相关,与土壤有机碳（TOC）、硫（S）等呈显著负相关,与土壤 Cd 总量和酸碱度（pH）无显著相关性。土壤镉超标而水稻镉不超标的现象可能与土壤富含有机碳有关,该地区土壤有机碳（TOC）含量达全国背景值的5.57倍。当 TOC > 3% 时,水稻镉含量迅速下降。据此提出土壤镉环境等级的有机碳修正方法,将研究区3.42 km2（5129 亩）Ⅱ等水田修正为Ⅰ等。此外,还提出了一些土壤养护和修复的建议。     

New insights into the genesis of volcanic-hosted massive sulfide deposits on the seafloor from numerical modeling studies

Numerical computer simulations have been used to gain insight into the evolution of marine hydrothermal systems and the formation conditions of massive sulfide deposits in ancient and modern submarine volcanic terrains. Simulation results have been used to gain a better understanding of the formation of massive sulfide ore deposits, their location, zonation, size, and occurrence in various geotectonic settings.Most hydrothermal fluid discharging at the seafloor exhibits temperatures ranging from 200 °C to about 410 °C and average fluid discharge velocities of 1 to 2 m/s in agreement with seafloor observations. Mass calculations imply that average massive sulfide deposits may form in ~ 5000 years while giant deposits take longer than 5000 years to accumulate; supergiant deposits either need much longer time to form (> 35,000 years) or at least 100 ppm of metal in solution. Results indicate that supergiant deposits may only form in certain geotectonic environments where longevity and preservation potential of the hydrothermal system are high. An additional process (mineral precipitate cap) is proposed here to explain the zinc content of massive sulfide deposits. This cap would prevent the widespread dissolution of anhydrite and the ‘wash-out’ of zinc by subsequent hydrothermal fluid discharge.     

花岗质岩浆岩土壤重金属地球化学特征及生态风险评价——以云南盈江旧城—姐冒地区为例

基于云南盈江旧城—姐冒地区238件岩石样品和4 931件土壤样品,与其他地质单元对比,重点研究花岗质岩浆岩岩石和土壤中重金属地球化学特征和来源,并进行土壤重金属生态风险评价。结果表明:花岗质岩浆岩和高黎贡山岩群(Pt1GL.)具有相似的物源或继承性,二者岩石中Pb含量相对上地壳偏高,而其他重金属含量较低;第四系(Qa)、芒棒组(N2m)和高黎贡山岩群(Pt1GL.)土壤重金属含量和变化特征与花岗质岩浆岩基本一致,且土壤重金属含量明显低于第四系(Qb)和关上组(D1g)地层;结合岩性组分看,成土母质可能均以花岗质岩浆岩为主;花岗质岩浆岩和关上组(D1g)土壤重金属含量主要受自然源影响,人为活动影响相对较小;地累积指数和潜在生态风险指数表明花岗质岩浆岩土壤重金属生态风险小,为清洁土壤;德宏州地区具有粮、糖、蔬菜等生产功能的农田土壤成土母质以花岗质岩浆岩为主,但相关工作程度低。通过对比研究认为,德宏州地区具有发展绿色、无公害食品产地的巨大潜力。     

Environmental geochemistry of the Gulf Creek copper mine area, north-eastern New South Wales, Australia

 Past mining and smelting of sulphide ore (pyrite-chalcopyrite-sphalerite) at the abandoned Gulf Creek mine has resulted in a stream highly contaminated by acid mine drainage (pH: 2.2–3.4), as well as degradation of local soil and vegetation. Physical dispersion of secondary metal-bearing minerals from abandoned ore and waste dumps into Gulf Creek and adsorption and coprecipitation of dissolved metals and metalloids in the stream bed cause elevated Ag, As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb and Zn values in stream sediments. The bioavailability of individual heavy metals to freshwater organisms changes downstream, however, selective bioaccumulation processes in algae reject readily bioavailable Zn and concentrate less bioavailable Cu. Polluted soils in the vicinity of the mine and smelter sites are subject to continuing soil erosion and either support no vegetation, or a depauperate flora with certain species showing bioaccumulation of metals and resistance to high metal contents. Rehabilitation of disturbed areas should involve covering and sealing sulphidic mine waste or removal of ore and waste dumps, installation of a physical and chemical plant or construction of a wetland environment (plus anoxic lime drains), and import of topsoil and planting of local, metal-tolerant plant species. Received: 17 March 1998 / Accepted: 6 October 1998     

Organochlorine, Heavy Metal and Polyaromatic Hydrocarbon Pollutant Concentrations in the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) Environment: a Review

Past monitoring of heavy metals, organochlorine compounds and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has found that pollutant concentrations are generally low within the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park and World Heritage Area and are indicative of a relatively unpolluted environment. The exceptions are sites that are adjacent to human activity such as ports and harbours, urban centres and areas adjacent to intensive agricultural activity. These sites have elevated concentrations of a range of pollutants. Concentrations of dioxins have also been found to be elevated in marine park sediments. Elevated pollutant concentrations are generally the consequence of effluent discharge, urban stormwater, and agricultural and industrial runoff. However, a majority of Great Barrier Reef pollutant data are now dated, and contemporary information is required concerning the distribution and impact of pollutants in the Queensland marine environment. The utility of specialized monitoring tools such as biomarkers for tropical marine environments urgently needs to be examined. With this information, appropriate risk assessment and monitoring can be implemented and effective management strategies developed to protect tropical marine ecosystems including the Great Barrier Reef.     

太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属赋存特征及其生物有效性

为了探讨太湖流域滆湖底泥重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni和Pb)的赋存特征及其生物有效性,对底泥重金属总量、形态以及生物富集量进行了分析.结果表明,6种重金属含量的空间分布表现为北部湖区最高,其次为南部湖区,中部湖区最低,重金属Ni、Cu、Zn和Pb含量显著高于沉积物背景值,分别是背景值的4.77、3.89、2.96和2.76倍,重金属总量与沉积物中的黏土成分含量具有显著相关性.采用三级四部提取法对重金属形态进行分析表明,6种重金属的生物有效态(弱酸结合态、可还原态和可氧化态之和)含量顺序为CdCuZnPbNiCr,其中Cd、Cu、Zn和Pb的生物有效态含量分别占总量的84.15%、78.47%、76.50%和64.29%.Cu和Zn在铜锈环棱螺中富集含量要显著高于其他金属元素.相关性分析表明,6种重金属中仅Cr和Pb的生物富集量与有效态含量具有显著相关性,这表明,重金属在生物体内的富集不仅与有效态含量有关,还与底泥重金属总量有关.因此,评价滆湖重金属的生态风险时需要综合考虑重金属的总量及生物有效态含量.     

铁矿区复垦土壤重金属含量变化趋势及其污染评价

通过齐大山矿区不同复垦年限土壤重金属含量变化的趋势,应用内梅罗综合污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法对土壤重金属污染状况进行了评价。结果表明:未复垦土壤重金属含量(除As外)均高于辽宁省背景值,随复垦年限的增加,矿山复垦土壤重金属含量多数呈先增加后减少的趋势。以国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618-1995)为评价标准,Ni处于警戒级;Cd在未复垦地区处于警戒级,复垦后处于安全级;其他元素皆处于安全级。以辽宁省土壤背景值为标准,产生潜在生态危害的主要为Hg和Cd;Zn、Cu、Ni、Pb、Cr和As属轻微危害水平;复垦后总的潜在生态风险程度由中等变为轻微。