四川扎如沟旅游资源开发初探

扎如沟是九寨沟的一条支流，位于九寨沟东北角偏北方向，它以其丰富的自然和人文资源，良好的区位优势，成为九寨沟下一步最具有开发价值的区域。详细阐述了扎如沟现有的资源优势，提出了统一规划，分步实施，突出特色，突出主题，实施品牌战略，开发与保护并重的资源开发总体思路，并给出了一系列切实可行的旅游产品设计方案。     

用低速带切除法提高构造图精度

塔里木盆地内地表面巨厚的沙层是油气勘探的主要障碍。本文在构造解释中用切除法把地表面低速的、不稳定的沙层切除,然后通过折射波反演方法,得其厚度,从而提高了构造图的精度。     

1：5万区域地质图编稿原图的制作

目前,省内各地调单位在编制1∶5万区域地质图编稿原图时采用的方法、程序和依据的技术要求等方面尚不完全一致,直接且不同程度地影响了地质图件的质量。本文就上述问题,依据国家、部颁布的有关规程、规范及局的有关文件精神作了较全面系统的说明与论述,可望今后逐步走上统一标准。     

加强地球表层系统的研究和地质制图工作

地球表层是地球各层圈相互作用并进行物质、能量和信息交换的重要场所,它为人类提供了生存的空间和资源。由于天然的和人为的作用,地球表层环境遭受的破坏日益严重,威胁着人类的生存和发展。加强地球表层系统的研究,有计划地编制地球表层系统系列地质图件,是地质工作服务于经济建设和社会发展的一项重要任务。本文在总结当代地质制图发展特点和地球表层系统研究重点基础上,提出编制地球表层系统系列地质图件的意见。     

The influence of topography and land use on water quality of Xiangxi River in Three Gorges Reservoir region

A self-organizing map (SOM) was used to cluster the water quality data of Xiangxi River in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. The results showed that 81 sampling sites could be divided into several groups representing different land use types. The forest dominated region had low concentrations of most nutrient variables except COD, whereas the agricultural region had high concentrations of NO₃N, TN, Alkalinity, and Hardness. The sites downstream of an urban area were high in NH₃N, NO₂N, PO₄P and TP. Redundancy analysis was used to identify the individual effects of topography and land use on river water quality. The results revealed that the watershed factors accounted for 61.7% variations of water quality in the Xiangxi River. Specifically, topographical characteristics explained 26.0% variations of water quality, land use explained 10.2%, and topography and land use together explained 25.5%. More than 50% of the variation in most water quality variables was explained by watershed characteristics. However, water quality variables which are strongly influenced by urban and industrial point source pollution (NH₃N, NO₂N, PO₄P and TP) were not as well correlated with watershed characteristics.     

Indigenous knowledge of landscape–ecological zones among traditional herbalists: a case study in Keiyo District, Kenya

Object of study is the insight of traditional herbalists in the landscape-ecological factors wich control the growth of the plants they use for healing their patients. The extent of this insight determines their capacity to adapt to environmental changes such as deforestation and soil degradation. This paper deals with the landscape-ecological perception of herbalists who live in an area with sharp landscape contrasts and drastic changes in landuse: the Keiyo Escarpment in the Rift which links the cool and humid Uasin Gishu Plateau at a level of more than 2600 m above sea level, with the warm and semi-arid Kerio Valley at 1250 m. The landuse changes of the last 50 years are caused by growing population density, loss of traditional attitudes towards the value of the land, and changes in forest cover. Data on local knowledge are acquired through interviews and field visits. The corresponding western knowledge is derived from aerial photographs and existing reports and maps. Six landscape-ecological zones are recognized. They are named after topography (wareng, mosop, soin), vegetation (teguming, korget) or landuse (tumdo). These zones coincide with the units of the agro-climatic map of Kenya. Apart from geology, all the factors of the hierarchical model used in western-based landscape ecology (climate, geology, relief, water, soil, vegetation and fauna) are included in the indigenous perception of the landscape, but the hierarchical order is not necessarily the same: e.g. the herbalists assume that rock grows in the soil instead of the other way around, and that forests attract rain. From the herbalists' point of view, deforestation and the establishment of small-holder agriculture is less serious for their trade than the replacement of indigenous trees by plantations with exotic species. They adapt to the loss of the forest by travelling to areas with comparable landscape-ecological conditions or, especially in the case of women and older male herbalists, by planting the required species in the garden. According to the herbalists, good climate and fertile soil stimulate species diversity, but best medicinal performance give plants on soils which are periodically dry.     

基于地理信息的大型场馆区域人员疏散模型设计

采用了Geodatabase空间数据模型,建立了地理信息数据库,设计了基于地理信息的人员疏散模型。     

RS & GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping of the Balason River basin,Darjeeling Himalaya,using logistic regression (LR) model

The present study deals with the preparation of a landslide susceptibility map of the Balason River basin, Darjeeling Himalaya, using a logistic regression model based on Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing. The landslide inventory map was prepared with a total of 295 landslide locations extracted from various satellite images and intensive field survey. Topographical maps, satellite images, geological, geomorphological, soil, rainfall and seismic data were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database in a GIS environment. The chosen landslide-conditioning factors were altitude, slope aspect, slope angle, slope curvature, geology, geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover, normalised differential vegetation index, drainage density, lineament number density, distance from lineament, distance to drainage, stream power index, topographic wetted index, rainfall and peak ground acceleration. The produced landslide susceptibility map satisfied the decision rules and ?2 Log likelihood, Cox &; Snell R-Square and Nagelkerke R-Square values proved that all the independent variables were statistically significant. The receiver operating characteristic curve showed that the prediction accuracy of the landslide probability map was 96.10%. The proposed LR method can be used in other hazard/disaster studies and decision-making.     

准同时岩相古地理图的制作新方法

本文以“层序地层学”理论为基础,运用“空间上相序的有序性”及“时间上环境变化的同步性”原理,解决了区域地层等时或准等时对比的问题,基本实现了用等时或准等时地层单元作为岩相古地理图的编图单位,克服了传统制作方法用不等时的岩石地层单位“组、段”为编图单位造成的岩相古地理图的“歪曲”及垂向沉积环境变化“掩盖”的弊病。“准同时岩相古地理图制作新方法”可分为单剖面层序地层柱状图、高分辨率层序地层柱状对比图、准同时岩相古地理系列图等3个研究阶段。同一海盆中,海平面升降是同步的,那么区域上相应的三级层序是等时的,其中以层序界面、首泛面、最大海泛面及海退面等物理界面划分出的低水位、海进、高水位及强迫性海退楔等体系域亦是等时的。因此,将区域上各单剖面柱状图中的上述相应的物理界面相连,就形成了研究区的等时对比格架图,然后对等时格架中的地层再进行进一步对比,形成对比图,在此基础上选取等时地层单位进行岩相古地理系列图的编制。笔者并以江西省中部萍乐坳陷西段乐平世早期岩相古地理研究成果实例做了进一步的阐述,通过“准同时岩相古地理图制作的新方法”,提高了等时对比精度,制作的岩相古地理系列图不但充分反映了该时期岩相古地理的纵横变化,而且清楚地反映出地壳运动与海平面升降的联合作用对沉积环境变化的控制,并将编图单位缩短到尽可能短的时间内,使古地理图精度更高、内容更丰富、更接近客观实际。     

全国地质灾害趋势预测及预测图编制

区域地质灾害预测是地质灾害研究的难题。本文运用基于地理信息系统的风险评价方法对这一问题进行了探讨。将全国剖分为2700个单元,对地质灾害进行现状评价,并与已数字化的地质灾害图件进行单要素叠加,编制了全国地质现状等值线图,在现状评价基础上,对地质灾害进行趋势预测,将降雨条件、区域地震活动、区域地壳稳定程度、区域岩组条件和人类工程活动等作为区域地质灾害演变的因素,运用模糊综合评判模型进行综合评判,编制了1:600万中国地质灾害趋势预测图。