Nonlinearity in the response of soils in the 1995 Kobe earthquake in vertical components of records

Strong motion records provided by seismic vertical arrays allow estimation of stress–strain relations in soils at depths from the surface to the location of the deepest device. As an example, time-dependent nonlinear soil behavior was estimated in vertical components of records obtained in the epicentral area of the 1995 Kobe earthquake. Degradation of the rigidity of soils in the strong motion was observed. The constructed nonlinear models of the soil behavior were used for estimating the nonlinear parts in the ground response by the nonlinear system identification technique. Nonlinear parts in the ground response were found to be as high as 50% at 2 km from the fault and 10% at 6–15 km from the fault plane. Odd types of nonlinearity, such as cubic, the fifth, seventh, etc. order, were found to be typical for soils, whereas, nonlinearities of even types are usually weak, but increase in liquefied soils.     

强震灰色拓扑预测

本文采用灰色系统理论中的灰色拓扑预测方法、对川西、川滇及全国大陆(包括邻区)分别作震级阈值ξ=6.5、7.0、7.5级的三年期最大震级预测,通过计算内检序列的关联度及后验差,确认预测模型可信,且精度均为一级;将已知震级序列进行逐步外推,效果较好,说明将此方法用于强震的三年期预报是一种有益的尝试。     

GIS空间数据拓扑运算在房产测绘中的应用及实现

房屋外半墙面积是房屋分摊面积的重要组成部分,其精度高低直接影响房产测绘成果数据的实用性。该文以自主开发的房产测绘软件平台作为依托,依据GIS空间数据拓扑运算对房产测绘中的相关数据进行处理,设计出一种仅由矢量数据参与空间数据拓扑运算的技术路线,巧妙地规避了房屋外半墙面积计算中的一般性及特殊性问题,提高了工作效率,节省了作业时间,更重要的是提高了面积测算精度,取得了良好的运算效果。     

Changing relations in global environmental change

We discuss a cross-national pilot study in Sweden and the UK examining young people's environmental concerns and their perceptions of the causes and solutions. The study demonstrates that evaluations of the causes of environmental degradation are partly contingent upon the manner in which questions are framed leading to quite different interpretations of the findings. Moreover, attitudes also differ significantly between the British and the Swedish sample: in the UK environmental degradation is seen as more serious but also more distant from the respondents’ everyday experiences when answering pre-formulated questions. The causes of environmental degradation are located in both countries in government and industry policies promoting economic growth on the one hand. On the other, respondents identify distant developments in emerging economies as problems, without connecting their local experiences to the global effects they describe. In the open-ended part of the survey, individual behaviour is seen as the most important cause of environmental degradation. But while British respondents describe individuals as selfish, lazy and consumerist, Swedish respondents emphasise also structural causes like Western lifestyles and the market society. We present possible explanations for these differences and discuss the relationships between the global and the local in relation to constructions of the Other as well as the relationship of individualism and authoritarianism that emerge from the results.     

四面体格网模型的三维拓扑关系计算

四面体格网(TEN)模型是一种重要的空间数据构模方法,侧重于三维空间对象内部的表达,但是存在着数据量大、计算速度慢的问题。三维拓扑关系是三维GIS的重要研究内容,为此,该文提出了面向TEN的三维拓扑关系计算方法。基于点集拓扑学理论,将TEN分解为内部、边界和外部3个集合,并使用9交模型描述了TEN/TEN的8种拓扑关系;设计了面向TEN的三维拓扑关系计算流程,详细阐述了面向TEN的三维拓扑关系计算的核心算法;基于提出的三维拓扑关系算法,设计了面向TEN的拓扑关系计算实验。实验结果表明:该文提出的面向TEN的三维拓扑关系计算方法,能够满足TEN之间拓扑关系计算的需求。     

The multivariate controls of hydraulic geometry: A causal investigation in terms of boundary shear distribution

Most downstream hydraulic geometry exponents have been found to be very close to the classic values reported by Leopold and Maddock (1953). These have been viewed as the simplified cases to general trends because the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels is actually the product of ‘multivariate controls’ (Richards, 1982). This paper is an attempt to develop a soundly based foundation for the explanation of the physical mechanisms of these controls. A quantitative relationship between channel shape and boundary shear distribution developed from experimental flume results is found to be applicable in some instances to alluvial channels, particularly to stable canals. On the basis of this relationship, it is shown that downstream hydraulic geometry is determined not only by flow discharge, but also by channel slope, channel average roughness and sediment composition of the channel boundary. This is strongly supported by our analysis of 529 observations from both stable canals and natural rivers in the U.S.A. and the U.K. The difference between regime relations in canals and the hydraulic geometry of rivers appears to be caused mainly by channel slope and average roughness, which can be regarded as constants only in stable canals. The close relationship between discharge and channel average roughness observed in canals is not repeated in natural channels, partly because of the variety of flow values used to define the channel-forming discharge. Furthermore, it is indicated that the effects of the sediment composition of the channel boundary on hydraulic geometry are significant and need further investigation.     

球面四元三角网的三拓扑数计算

讨论了任意球面三角格网p的三拓扑数计算.任意球面三角格网p的三拓扑数是指和该球面三角格网互为三邻近的目标球面三角格网的个数,它是讨论球面栅格区域局部拓扑不变量的重要参数,也是描述和推断球面栅格拓扑关系首先要解决的问题.     

GIS空间拓扑关系的四交差简化模型

空间拓扑关系的描述是空间关系的主要内容,是与人类的认知概念一致的,在空间数据的查询与挖掘等方面有重要应用.回顾了现有模型,然后重点分析了其中的四交差模型,提出了四交差简化模型,同时对简化了的四交差模型的合理性进行了详细分析,最后展望了四交差简化模型及其应用中有待进一步研究的相关工作.     

LF拓扑空间的强正则闭分离性

利用正则闭集概念在LF拓扑空间中引入了强正则闭分离性（分离性）概念,给出了它们的刻画,并证明了它们是LF拓扑性质,在LF拓扑空间的半正则化中的强正则闭分离性与加强了的T分离性是等价的.     

砂土的流体动力学方程与本构模型的比较

目前砂土材料连续力学方程建模有两种途径,一种是源自于论证Navier-Stokes方程时所用的方法,称为流体动力学方法,主要针对普通固体、普通流体、超流、液晶、高聚物、颗粒物质等材料,它的基本做法是先给出守恒变量（如能量、动量、熵等）和对称破缺变量（如弹性应变、量子相位等）的一般运动方程,再用与具体材料有关的热力学函数和迁移系数来封闭它们;另一种方法是本构模型法,针对有塑性固体、非牛顿流体、砂土材料等材料,该做法特点是直接构建应力、应变、应力率、应变率、速度、密度、温度等变量之间的函数关系,并以此来封闭连续和牛顿方程。近年来采用这两种方法建立的砂土方程在文献上都有报道,因此,有必要对两者的特色、科学基础、适用范围,包括概念上的和具体方程等,进行比较,作为颗粒物理与土力学之间跨学科交流的一种尝试和沟通。通过比较得出,两种建模途径对表征砂土状态的完备变量集、屈服面、与塑性有关的耗散等使用了很不一样的思路和方程。