基于电子鼻的青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)软组织多氯联苯的快速检测方法研究

为建立一种简单快捷的水产品中多氯联苯(PCBs)检测方法,本研究应用电子鼻对青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)软组织中富集的多氯联苯进行检测,并采用HS-SPME-GC-MS(顶空固相微萃取-气质联用)对结果进行了验证。首先利用电子鼻制作PCB15浓度梯度模版,检测PCB15处理72h以及144h的青蛤软组织中残留量,采用LDA和PCA两种方法统计并同模板的浓度进行比较。结论:青蛤软组织中PCB15浓度能明显分开,并随着处理时间的延长,区分效果愈加明显,区分度愈大。PCA的分辨效果明显优于LDA。运用欧氏距离、马氏距离、判别函数法和相关性对含有PCB15的样品浓度分别进行鉴别和验证,四种方法总的鉴别率均达到90%以上,能够较准确地对样品进行验证。电子鼻检测青蛤软组织中的多氯联苯的最低检测限为0.05μg/L,GC-MS为0.5μg/L。     

不同培养方式及换水频率对坛紫菜(Porphyra haitanensis)自由丝状体生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

本实验以坛紫菜自由丝状体为材料,研究不同培养方式(静置、摇床、通气)和换水频率(5d、7d、10d、20d)对丝状体生长及藻胆蛋白(PE、PC)含量变化的影响。研究结果表明:坛紫菜自由丝状体在摇床培养条件下生长较好,特定生长速率可达10.832 7%~10.891 5%;摇床培养下的丝状体PE含量相对静置培养的较高一些,通气培养的相对较低,最高为36.816 8mg/g;静置条件下培养的丝状体PC含量最高,摇床培养次之,通气培养最低,最低为1.082 4mg/g。相同培养方式下,换水频率对丝状体特定生长速率影响不大;除通气培养外,换水频率20d其PE、PC含量较高。方差分析结果表明:实验范围内的培养方式及换水频率对丝状体特定生长速率大小、PE和PC含量不存在交互作用。本文实验结果对坛紫菜自由丝状体产业化应用于食品加工、色素提取等产业提供了实验理论和依据。     

江苏溧阳软玉与良渚文化庄桥坟遗址出土软玉的特征对比研究

采用常规宝玉石鉴定方法、偏光显微镜和激光剥蚀电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对江苏省溧阳县小梅岭玉矿的软玉样品进行了测试研究,并与良渚文化庄桥坟遗址出土的软玉类玉器样品进行了对比。结果表明,溧阳软玉样品和庄桥坟遗址出土软玉类玉器样品的主要矿物组成为透闪石,但后者的w（FeOT）明显高于前者的。庄桥坟遗址出土玉器样品的δEu普遍高于溧阳软玉样品的,大部分为负异常,为轻稀土亏损型,微量元素种类多;溧阳软玉样品的δEu为负异常,为轻稀土富集型,微量元素种类少,说明两种样品应不属于同一产地或同一成因性质。良渚文化庄桥坟遗址出土玉器样品的化学成分与溧阳软玉样品的不同,这与当今考古界普遍认为良渚文化玉器来源于溧阳软玉的观点有所不同。     

地质文化建设构想

本文基于对地质学的深刻认识、对传统文化的热爱及对社会现象的观察,系统而深刻地提出了＂地质文化＂的概念,首次描述了地质文化的基本框架、建设原则及实例片段。地质文化建设将对地质学及我国的文化建设有着实质性的推动作用,是构建和谐社会的重要组成部分。     

Intermediate school's trip to India: Preparing for competence

In November 2010, students from a Palmerston North intermediate school embarked on a 2‐week excursion to India. Qualitative research was carried out before, during and after the trip. Results discussed in this article focus primarily on the students' account of their trip, especially their perceived cultural competence and their explanation for it. Accounts of their competence are also offered by the parents and teachers, for example, they especially valued the students' extensive school‐based preparation. Insights gained from the experiences of this trip may be applied to other, including older, cohorts of students embarking on overseas school field trips.     

动物型溶菌酶研究新进展

溶菌酶可以分解连接N-乙酰胞壁酸(NAM)和N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖(NAG)残基之间的β-1,4糖苷键。g型、c型和i型溶菌酶是3种动物型溶菌酶。近年来,越来越多的报道表明这3种类型的溶菌酶在动物界广泛存在,g型和c型溶菌酶主要存在于脊椎动物中,i型溶菌酶仅存在于无脊椎动物中,部分物种中同时存在2种动物型溶菌酶。本文简要概述了溶菌酶在动物各物种中的存在情况和组织分布情况、基因组结构与系统进化以及溶菌酶抑制剂的研究新进展。     

不同生长环境褐牙鲆的外观性状与肌肉营养成分的比较分析

讨论了网箱养殖、工厂化养殖和野生褐牙鲆的外观差异,对比分析了不同生长环境下褐牙鲆的肌肉营养成分和营养学价值。结果显示:网箱养殖的褐牙鲆体形、体色更接近野生褐牙鲆,即有眼侧呈深褐色,无眼侧呈白色;工厂化养殖褐牙鲆有眼侧体色较暗,无眼侧有黑斑。网箱养殖褐牙鲆脂肪含量(2.5%)远低于工厂化养殖的褐牙鲆(4.2%),而接近于野生的褐牙鲆(1.4%);网箱养殖褐牙鲆水分含量比工厂化养殖的高,也更接近野生的褐牙鲆。3种生长环境的褐牙鲆,氨基酸组成是一致的,而且各项比值也都符合FAO/WHO的标准。对比分析必需氨基酸指数(EAAI)和EPA+DPA、SFA、MUFA、PUFA等指标,网箱养殖褐牙鲆均要高于工厂化养殖褐牙鲆,接近而又优于野生的褐牙鲆。在矿物质含量方面,3种生长环境下的褐牙鲆差异不明显。综合各项指标分析,在褐牙鲆的3种生长环境中,网箱养殖的褐牙鲆要优于工厂化养殖的褐牙鲆,而更接近于野生的褐牙鲆。     

养殖方式、光照强度对哲罗鱼稚鱼生长与存活的影响

采用生态学方法,研究了养殖方式、光照强度对哲罗鱼稚鱼生长与存活的影响。结果表明:在养殖方式实验中,哲罗鱼稚鱼体长、体质量均以室内静水组为最高,室内流水组其次,室外流水组最低。存活率以室内流水组为最高,室外流水组次之,室内静水组最低。统计分析表明养殖方式对哲罗鱼稚鱼终末体长、体质量、特定生长率、体长生长参数以及体长、体质量变异系数的影响均达到极显著水平(P0.01)。在光照实验中,哲罗鱼稚鱼的存活率、体长、体质量及特定生长率、体长生长参数均随光照强度的增加而增加,说明在哲罗鱼稚鱼室内培育阶段,适当地增加部分光照有利于其存活、摄食与生长。本研究结果为哲罗鱼高效养殖提供了科学依据。     

坛紫菜（Porphyra haitanensis）丝状藻体生长增殖的优化调控培养条件研究

丝状藻体是紫菜生活史中的重要阶段,其生长增殖与环境条件密切相关.本研究考察了与坛紫菜丝状藻体生长增殖相关的多个影响因子,探讨了可促进坛紫菜丝状藻体生长、达到生长速率快的优化调控培养条件.具体操作实施过程为：初始丝状藻体来自成熟紫菜叶状体的果孢子释放,基于8因子3水平的正交实验设计方案[采用正交表L27（313）],确定了丝状藻体生长对多个环境因子的响应以及优化的调控培养条件.结果表明,除开pH、复合维生素浓度和NaHCO3浓度外,其他因子对丝状藻体生长均有显著的影响（p≤0.043 8）.获得的优化调控培养条件为：温度18℃、光强27μmol/m2·s-1、盐度25、pH值8.5、复合维生素浓度15μg/dm3、NaHCO3浓度2 mg/dm3、每天光照时数18 h、营养液浓度为f培养介质.优化调控培养条件下的丝状藻体生长速率高达12.07%,平均值±标准偏差SD为（10.70±0.88）%/d.     

A Preliminary Study of Holocene Climate Change and Human Adaptation in the Horqin Region

Abstract: Human activity during the Holocene in the Horqin region, northeastern China, has been widely documented. As an important proxy record of human activity, black carbon (BC) in sediments has been linked to climate change and human adaptation. A loess-paleosol section located in south Horqin was chosen for this study. Holocene climate change and human adaptation to the environment were discussed by analyzing BC, organic carbon (OC) and other proxies. The conclusions included: (1) before 3900 cal BP, human activity was closely related to the natural environment and cultural development was dominated by climate change. For example, the rapid decline of the agrarian Hongshan culture was caused by a slight decrease in temperature at ~5000 cal BP; (2) during 3900-3200 cal BP, the heavy dependence of human societies on nature gradually lessened and the ability of those human societies to adapt to the environment was enhanced. However, the farming-dominated Lower Xiajiadian culture was nonetheless replaced by the pastoralist Upper Xiajiadian culture due to an extremely cooling event at ~3200 cal BP; (3) during the late Holocene period, the marked influence of climate change on human activity might have lessened as a result of a clear improvement in human labor skills. After this, human living styles were influenced by cultural developments rather than climate change because humans had mastered more powerful means of productivity.