Morphology and dynamics of the intertidal floodplain along the Amazon tidal river

Depositional environments along the tidal river downstream of Óbidos have been proposed as important sinks for up to one third of the sediment discharge from the Amazon River. However, the morphology of the intertidal floodplain and the dynamics of sediment exchange along this reach have yet to be described. River-bank surveys in five regions along the Amazon tidal river reveal a distinct transition in bank morphology between the upper, central and lower reaches of the tidal river. The upper tidal-river floodplain is defined by prominent natural levees that control the transfer of water and sediment between the mainstem Amazon River and its floodplain. Greater tidal influence in the central tidal river suppresses levee development, and tidal currents increase sediment transport into the distal parts of the floodplain. In the lower tidal river, the floodplain morphology closely resembles marine intertidal environments (e.g. mud flats, salt marshes), with dendritic tidal channels incising elevated vegetated flats. Theory, morphology and geochronology suggest that the dynamics of sediment delivery to the intertidal floodplain of the Amazon tidal river vary along its length due to the relative influence and coupling of fluvial and tidal dynamics. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

波浪作用下沉积物中氮、磷释放速率的试验研究

湖泊或海湾中的沉积物吸附氮(N)、磷(P)等元素所形成的沉积层成为水体富营养化的內源。在波浪作用下,尤其是强浪作用下,沉积物中的N、P会通过内源释放作用大量进入水体中。本文在自制的U型水槽中开展实验,采用不同水头差来模拟波浪的循环荷载作用,研究了沉积层中的N、P在静置固结状态(Ⅰ)、加波未液化状态(Ⅱ)、加波液化状态(Ⅲ)下的释放规律,并给出该试验条件下的沉积物释放速率的拟合方程。试验结果表明:沉积物中总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(TDN)的释放速率会随着水动力作用的增强而增加;总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(TDP)和活性磷酸盐(SRP)的释放速率也随着水动力作用增强而增加,但水体中悬浮物(SS)含量过高会限制其释放速率。     

地震平点技术与应用进展

利用平点技术进行地震勘探虽然经历了50多年的发展历程,但是国内外尚缺乏对平点技术与应用进展的系统分析。通过对平点技术的基本原理、平点识别方法、平点技术应用进展及应用"陷阱"进行全面的调研与梳理认为,不同流体纵波阻抗的差异是产生平点反射的基本条件;水平反射与AVO振幅异常突变处吻合并且具有统一的深度值,是烃类平点最重要的判别标准;通过地震反射特征,结合共等值线抽道集叠加技术和基于信号强化处理的平点增强技术等,可以提高平点的识别效果;地震资料产生的假象、非储层因素导致的平点假象以及流体界面由于速度和压力的变化都会导致平点"陷阱"的产生。研究指出,加强地质与地球物理综合分析,进一步提高地震资料的保真度、信噪比和分辨率,加强与其他烃类检测方法的综合应用及大力发展多波多分量地震技术在平点勘探中的应用是平点技术的发展趋势,未来其应用必然会更加广泛。     

防波堤损坏特点与其成因的关系

利用日本《被灾防波堤集览》、葡萄牙锡尼斯防波堤、日本六小河原港防波堤、中国大连渔港、台湾基隆港等61件典型损坏案例及其它参考文献所涉及的140余件案例,讨论了防波堤损坏平面形态与断面部位的特征。根据防波堤损坏特点,从波浪水动力学特性、结构、地基和施工多方面分析了损坏原因与损坏特性之间的关系,从而深化对防波堤工作机理的认识。     

厦门湾沉积物中有害有毒甲藻休眠孢囊及塔玛亚历山大藻的潜在危害

本工作通过分析厦门湾表层沉积物中的甲藻休眠孢囊，发现了1种有毒塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)休眠孢囊，及两种有害甲藻休眠孢囊：锥状斯氏藻(Scrippsiella trochoidea)、具刺膝沟藻(Gonyaulax spinifera)．对塔玛亚历山大藻进行了培养。并初步研究了该藻的毒性及贝类对其毒素的积累．研究结果表明，厦门海域沉积物中的塔玛亚历山犬藻是有毒的．它的较适宜生长环境条件是：水温20～25℃．盐度为25～30，光照度为3000～50001x．塔玛亚历山大藻在每年的4月26日至6月10日、10月11日至11月20日可能会形成有害藻华，危害厦门海域的海洋生物并可能威胁到人类的健康和生命安全．     

北黎湾及邻近海域潮流数值计算

建立北黎湾及邻近海域二维潮流数值模型,重现该海域潮波及潮流的分布规律,计算得到m1分潮和M2分潮的同潮时线与等振幅线、潮流椭圆,m1与M2合成的潮致欧拉余流、最大潮流和不同时刻潮流场分布。     

四川渠县三叠系膏盐沉积环境探讨

四川渠县三叠系膏盐产于碳酸盐岩中,二者交互沉积,具明显的旋回性。根据岩性组合、生物组合、沉积构造及地球化学特征分析,该区碳酸盐岩形成于潮下至潮上的各种环境,而膏盐则主要沉积于潮上带的浅水盆地和大陆盐湖。     

Controls on sediment evacuation from glacially modified and unmodified catchments in the eastern Sierra Nevada,California

The degree of glacial modification in small catchments along the eastern Sierra Nevada, California, controls the timing and pattern of sediment flux to the adjacent fans. There is a close relationship between the depth of fan‐head incision and the pattern and degree of Late Pleistocene catchment erosion by valley glaciers; catchments with significant glacial activity are associated with deeply incised fan heads, whereas fans emerging from glacially unmodified catchments are unincised. We suggest that the depth of fan‐head incision is controlled by the potential for sediment storage during relatively dry ice‐free periods, which in turn is related to the downstream length of the glacially modified valley and creation of accommodation through valley floor slope lowering and glacial valley overdeepening and widening. Significant storage in glacially modified basins during ice‐free periods leads to sediment supply‐limited conditions at the fan head and causes deep incision. In contrast, a lack of sediment trapping allows quasi‐continuous sediment supply to the fan and prevents incision of the fan head. Sediment evacuation rates should thus show large variations in glacially modified basins, with major peaks during glacial and lows during interglacial or ice‐free periods, respectively. In contrast, sediment removal from glacially unmodified catchments in this type of setting should be free of this effect, and will be dominated instead by short‐term variations, modulated for example by changes in vegetation cover or storm frequency. This distinction may help improve our understanding of long‐term sediment yields as a measure of erosional efficiency. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

南海北部深水西区中中新世混合沉积模式及控制因素

以新采集的地震资料为基础,对南海北部深水西区的混合沉积作了初步研究。混合沉积在地震剖面上表现为平行—亚平行,振幅强—中,频率中等及连续性中等的反射特征。混合沉积分布在研究区地震资料覆盖范围的西北角,发育规模较大,最大长度达44.7km,最大宽度33.2km,面积1084km2,最大厚度为138m,纵向上分布在中中新统梅山组。综合南海北部构造演化、地震勘探等研究成果,建立了混合沉积模式。该混合沉积分布于半深海沉积区,由其南东东方向的西沙—广乐台地提供碳酸盐岩碎屑(同时也提供部分硅质碎屑),由其西侧的中南半岛提供主要的硅质碎屑。在南海北部深水西区,控制混合沉积分布的主要因素为构造作用(包括海平面变化)、物源供给及水动力条件等三个方面,这三者之间又具有密切的内在联系。     

獐子岛养殖区夏季底层水温快速变化的机理分析

Rapid changes in the near-bottom water temperature are important environmental factors that can significantly affect the growth and development of species in the bottom culture. The object of this research is to investigate the mechanism causing these rapid changes within a bottom culture area near the Zhangzi Island. The hydrographic transects observations in the North Yellow Sea(NYS) suggest that our mooring station is very close to the tidal mixing front. The horizontal advection of the tidal front has induced the observed tidal change of bottom temperature at the mooring station. Analysis of the mooring near-bottom temperature and current measurements show that the angle between the tidal current horizontal advection and the swing of the tidal front is crucial in determining the variation trend of temperature. When the angle equals 90°, the horizontal tidal current advects along the isotherms so the temperature remains the same. When the angle is between 0° and 90°, the seawater moves from deep water to the warmer coastal zone and the temperature decreases. In contrast, the horizontal tidal advection moves the coastal warm water to the mooring station and the water temperature increases when the angle is between 90° and 180°. The amplitude of the temperature change is proportional to the magnitude of the horizontal temperature gradient and the tidal excursion in the direction of the temperature gradient. This study may facilitate the choice of culture area in order to have a good aquaculture production.