Dasymetric Spatiotemporal Interpolation

This research applies the principles of dasymetric mapping to spatiotemporal interpolation by extending the spatial concepts of zone and area to their temporal analogs of interval and duration, respectively. An example application of dasymetric spatiotemporal interpolation using crime event data is presented. Results indicate that dasymetric spatiotemporal interpolation significantly improves the accuracy of estimates over areal or duration weighting. In addition, even when dasymetric interpolation in either the spatial or temporal dimension is relatively weak, combining dasymetric estimation in both space and time dimensions simultaneously has the potential to amplify the accuracy of the overall dasymetric estimation.     

Hybrid N-order Lagrangian Interpolation Eulerian?Lagrangian Method for Salinity Calculation

The Eulerian?Lagrangian method (ELM) has been used by many ocean models as the solution of the advection equation, but the numerical error caused by interpolation imposes restriction on its accuracy. In the present study, hybrid N-order Lagrangian interpolation ELM (LiELM) is put forward in which the N-order Lagrangian interpolation is used at first, then the lower order Lagrangian interpolation is applied in the points where the interpolation results are abnormally higher or lower. The calculation results of a step-shaped salinity advection model are analyzed, which show that higher order (N=3?8) LiELM can reduce the mean numerical error of salinity calculation, but the numerical oscillation error is still significant. Even number order LiELM makes larger numerical oscillation error than its adjacent odd number order LiELM. Hybrid N-order LiELM can remove numerical oscillation, and it significantly reduces the mean numerical error when N is even and the current is in fixed direction, while it makes less effect on mean numerical error when N is odd or the current direction changes periodically. Hybrid odd number order LiELM makes less mean numerical error than its adjacent even number order LiELM when the current is in the fixed direction, while the mean numerical error decreases as N increases when the current direction changes periodically, so odd number of N may be better for application. Among various types of Hybrid N-order LiELM, the scheme reducing N-order directly to 1st-order may be the optimal for synthetic selection of accuracy and computational efficiency.     

钻孔轨迹参数计算及三维成图方法研究

随着经济发展及矿产资源开发利用程度进一步提高,地质勘探向着深部、复杂地层发展,钻探施工钻孔也向着定向孔、分支孔的方向发展。地质目的对钻探工艺的要求越来越高,在控制钻孔轨迹方面也需越来越精准。本文就钻孔轨迹参数计算及成图作了详细介绍,阐述了钻孔轨迹相关概念及有关参数的计算方法;通过对Excel电子表格相关功能的研究,成功地将其应用到钻孔轨迹参数计算与处理分析中;通过对Solidworks三维制图软件的研究,成功地将其应用到钻孔轨迹监测及成图方面;通过实际工作案例验证了上述方法的可行性。     

3D打印技术在矿床学中的应用研究——以内蒙古乌力吉敖包萤石矿Ⅲ号矿体为例

3D打印(3D printing)是一种以三维模型为样本的快速成形技术,它通过逐层打印或粉末熔铸的方式来构造需要的立体图形。本文从3D打印技术的原理及其发展现状入手,重点列举内蒙古乌力吉敖包萤石矿,利用3D打印机打印具有现实可观性的地质体实体,探讨3D打印技术作为新兴的科技手段应用于矿床学教学与研究的应用价值和发展前景。研究发现,3D打印技术在矿体三维可视化中的应用符合地质图件立体化和3D打印技术多领域化的趋势,未来3D打印技术在地质领域的应用也有助于开拓矿床学教学和研究的新方式与新思路。     

页岩压裂影响因素三维模型数值分析

不同影响因素对页岩水力压裂效果有不同的影响。基于三维数值计算模型介绍了水力压裂的典型过程,针对水平最小主应力、页岩的弹性模量和渗透系数对压裂的影响进行了分析。结果表明:随着水平最小主应力的增加,裂缝高度也随之增加;随着页岩的弹性模量增加,裂缝的高度随之降低;随着渗透系数的增加,裂缝高度也随之增加;随着压裂液的黏度系数提高,裂缝的高度降低。     

基于非均质地层参数表征的颗粒流模型构建

非均质地层参数的获取与表征方法是浅层地质体改造的重要依据。基于非均质地层的地质建模,表征具有随机不确定性和模糊不确定性的土体表观参数和物理力学参数。利用 Weibull 分布统计描述局部地层信息,并应用Diamond-Square分形插值方法,结合差分盒子维计算非均质地层分形维数,进一步合理演算整体地层参数。采用PFC3D数值模拟软件,结合马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法采样数据,对非均质地层块石颗粒及土颗粒进行建模。通过非均质地层模拟结果,发现其破坏过程与应力应变曲线要比均质土体复杂得多,由于块石大颗粒的含量、分布特性对土样力学性质影响显著。本文建模方法有助于非均质地层参数表征研究。     

基于三维激光扫描技术的岩质边坡泥化夹层空间分布和几何形态

为了定量研究泥化夹层的空间分布和几何形态,以云南省玉溪市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂高边坡局部开挖剖面为对象,利用徕卡ScanStation C10三维激光扫描仪和瑞典ROMER RA-7520-2六轴关节臂三维测量仪进行扫描,得到了开挖剖面和泥化夹层的原始点云数据;然后采用Cyclone和Geomagic Wrap软件对点云数据进行一系列处理,分析了泥化夹层的三维空间分布、层面产状、间距、层面粗糙度和几何形态。结果表明：大部分泥化夹层横向分布于整个扫描剖面,少数呈局部分布;泥化夹层的平均倾向为196.41°±5.51°,平均倾角为22.27°±2.23°,间距在3.7~49.1 cm之间,平均值为（20.4±12.0）cm;不同层位及同一层位不同横向位置的泥化夹层厚度都不等,最厚约20 mm,最薄小于1 mm;泥化夹层顶面局部典型区域的平面拟合偏差在-22.4~32.5 mm之间,沿夹层倾向的粗糙度系数在5.67~16.77之间,平均值为10.11±3.25;泥化夹层的表面积与体积之比在5.14~5.86 cm^-1之间。运用三维激光扫描技术研究泥化夹层的空间分布和几何形态是可行的。玉溪市生活垃圾焚烧发电厂高边坡的泥化夹层具有宏观整体上相对平直、相互近似平行、非等距分布、间距小、层数多、厚度薄,细观上顶面粗糙底面相对光滑、三维形态复杂的特点。     

Brittleness index predictions from Lower Barnett Shale well-log data applying an optimized data matching algorithm at various sampling densities

The capability of accurately predicting mineralogical brittleness index(BI)from basic suites of well logs is desir-able as it provides a useful indicator of the fracability of tight formations.Measuring mineralogical components in rocks is expensive and time consuming.However,the basic well log curves are not well correlated with BI so correlation-based,machine-learning methods are not able to derive highly accurate BI predictions using such data.A correlation-free,optimized data-matching algorithm is configured to predict BI on a supervised basis from well log and core data available from two published wells in the Lower Barnett Shale Formation(Texas).This transparent open box(TOB)algorithm matches data records by calculating the sum of squared errors be-tween their variables and selecting the best matches as those with the minimum squared errors.It then applies optimizers to adjust weights applied to individual variable errors to minimize the root mean square error(RMSE)between calculated and predicted(BI).The prediction accuracy achieved by TOB using just five well logs(Gr,pb,Ns,Rs,Dt)to predict BI is dependent on the density of data records sampled.At a sampling density of about one sample per 0.5 ft BI is predicted with RMSE～0.056 and R2～0.790.At a sampling density of about one sample per 0.1 ft BI is predicted with RMSE～0.008 and R2～0.995.Adding a stratigraphic height index as an additional(sixth)input variable method improves BI prediction accuracy to RMSE～0.003 and R2～0.999 for the two wells with only 1 record in 10,000 yielding a BI prediction error of＞±0.1.The model has the potential to be applied in an unsupervised basis to predict BI from basic well log data in surrounding wells lacking mineralogical measure-ments but with similar lithofacies and burial histories.The method could also be extended to predict elastic rock properties in and seismic attributes from wells and seismic data to improve the precision of brittleness index and fracability mapping spatially.     

梅江河流域年均降雨量空间插值方法研究

分析了降雨空间分布的影响要素及降雨空间插值的主要方法,并在此基础上,利用地理信息系统(GIS)的空间分析功能,综合考虑高程、坡度、坡向等影响降雨空间分布的多种要素,应用协克里金方法,探讨流域降雨量的空间插值问题及其应用,并与反距离权重法、克里金方法等单要素方法进行了降雨空间插值的效果比较.结果表明:应用协克里金方法,在综合考虑高程、坡度、坡向等影响要素的条件下,对降雨进行空间插值,其结果具有比较好的精度.     

2014年夏季长江流域持续性低温的大尺度环流异常

采用中国地面站气温逐日观测资料、NOAA全球逐日海表温度资料,及NCEP/NCAR的全球日均再分析资料,研究了2014年持续性低温的三维结构及大尺度环流异常。结果表明,2014年的低温异常,除了在陆地上区域性地出现在长江流域,还以大尺度带状的形式、从陆地延伸到海洋上。这种带状异常不只出现在近地面,在大气各层（925～500 hPa）都能看到。分析指出,大气中的这个低温带主要由高纬大气环流异常造成。在位势高度场上,最重要的异常出现在高纬60°N,有呈带状的位势高度正距平,它引导（距平意义上的）偏北气流从正北和东北偏东方向侵入,在其南侧形成一带状的偏低温区。大气各层均呈现出这种在高纬有位势高度正距平、相应地在稍南的低纬（40°N）有位势高度负距平、两者之间为低温区的分布特征。从低层往上,这种配置型式整体表现出由南往北的倾斜,其垂直剖面表现为距平意义上的、大尺度、类似于锋面的倾斜结构。文中用简单的概念模型对此进行理解,认为这种结构是由大气动力异常和热力异常相互影响、共同作用而形成的。