一种基于局部判别正切空间排列的高光谱遥感影像降维方法

提出一种基于局部判别正切空间排列(local discriminative tangent space alignment,LDTSA)的高光谱影像降维方法。LDTSA源于局部正切空间排列(LTSA)中的排列机制,在一个局域块内利用线性局部正切平面对类内样本的流形结构建模,同时还考虑到类间判别信息以最大化判别边界。利用多幅高光谱数据进行降维和分类试验。结果表明,LDTSA主要有三个优点:①在小样本问题上性能稳定;②在降维过程中保持类别间的判别信息;③有效挖掘数据集的几何流形结构。     

利用经验模态分解和主成分分析的SAR图像相干斑抑制

对SAR图像应用对数加性噪声模型,将经验模态分解(Empirical mode decomposition, EMD)与主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis, PCA)相结合,提出了一种基于PCA的EMD相干斑抑制算法。根据对数SAR图像中相干斑噪声的统计特性和高斯白噪声经EMD分解后的能量分布模型,近似估算SAR图像经EMD分解后各层内蕴模态函数中所含噪声的能量;将内蕴模态函数利用PCA进行分解,根据PCA对含噪信号的分解特性和内蕴模态函数中噪声能量所占的比例,选择合适的成分分量重构内蕴模态函数,以进一步去除噪声保留有用的细节信息。仿真实验结果表明,本文方法在有效抑制相干斑噪声的同时可以较好地保持边缘纹理细节的清晰。     

中国汽车空调行业HFC-134a需求和排放预测

 近年来HFC-134a作为中国汽车空调行业CFC-12制冷剂最主要的替代品,其消费量增长迅速,是中国消费量最大的HFCs（氢氟烃类物质）。以2005年为基线,通过制冷剂替代、技术进步、熟练操作和政策控制等情景假设,预测了中国汽车空调行业HFC-134a的需求量及排放量。结果表明：到2010和2015年,汽车空调HFC-134a的消费量将分别接近2.0万和3.5万t,排放量将分别接近1.6万和3.0万t,约折合排放21.0 和39.0 Mt CO₂当量。上述排放相对基线情景（即维持当前政策措施和不开展回收活动）,2010年和2015年减排温室气体分别为6.7 和13.0 Mt CO₂当量。     

3D triangulation of a Sun-grazing comet

The bright Kreutz Comet C/2007 L3 (SOHO) entered the fields of view of the twin Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) COR1 telescopes on 7–8 June 2007. The 12° separation between the two spacecraft at the time afforded the opportunity to derive the position of the comet's tail in three-dimensional space using direct triangulation. The track of the comet's orbit is compared against more traditional orbital calculations using observations from the STEREO COR2 telescopes, and from the Large Angle and Spectrometric Coronagraph (LASCO) aboard the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO). The shape of the comet's tail shows that it is composed of dust particles released when the comet was between 18 and 22 solar radii, with no significant dust production after that. The comet did not survive perihelion passage, but a rare faint remnant of the comet tail persisted for several hours after the break-up, and was seen by both the SOHO and STEREO coronagraphs to drift slowly away from the Sun. This tail remnant was found to be composed of particles far back from the head of the comet. The motion of the tail remnant shows a loss of angular momentum during the passage through the solar corona. Atmospheric drag is estimated to account for a significant fraction of this change in angular momentum, but indications are that other mechanisms may be required to completely account for the total amount of change.     

粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的超高层结构减震性能研究

连梁作为剪力墙结构中的抗震第一道防线,其承载力和耗能能力对整体结构的抗震性能有重要影响。本文提出在连梁中附设粘滞阻尼器,利用阻尼器发生竖向剪切变形而耗能。结合实际工程研究粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的性能,采用ETABS和PERFORM-3D软件对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁结构与传统连梁结构进行有限元模拟对比分析,并对粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的各项最优参数进行研究。结果表明:粘滞阻尼耗能连梁充分发挥耗能作用,整体结构具有良好的抗震性能,与传统连梁结构相比,主体结构的弹性耗能得到明显降低。平面布置方式、竖向布置方式、阻尼器参数的选取对附设粘滞阻尼耗能连梁的框架-核心筒结构减震效果影响较大,合理选择这些参数可以使耗能结构减震效果最优。     

Multiple sulfur isotope chemostratigraphy across the Permian–Triassic boundary at Chaotian,China: Implications for a shoaling model of toxic deep-waters

Previous studies on multiple sulfur isotopes (³²S, ³³S, and ³⁴S) in sedimentary pyrite at the end-Permian suggested a shoaling of anoxic/sulfidic deep-water contributing to the extinction. This scenario is based on an assumption that the sedimentary sulfur cycle was largely controlled by benthos activity, though a stratigraphic correlation between the sulfur records and ichnofabrics of the sediments at the end-Permian has not yet been examined. We report the multiple sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite in the Permian–Triassic boundary interval at Chaotian, South China. Our data can be generally explained by a mixing of sulfur in sulfide from two different sources: one produced via sulfate reduction in an open system with respect to sulfate and the other produced in a closed system. In particular, the former with the substantially low δ³⁴S (<−40 ‰) and high ∆³³S (up to +0.100 ‰) values was likely produced via water-mass sulfate reduction or via sulfate reduction in oxic sediments with common burrows. The frequent occurrence of small pyrite framboids (mostly <5 μm in diameter) in the Lopingian (Late Permian) Dalong Formation of deep-water facies supports the enhanced water-mass sulfate reduction in an anoxic deep-water mass. The negative ∆³³S values are observed only in the oxic limestones, and no substantial ∆³³S change is observed across the extinction horizon despite of the disappearance of bioturbation. Our results are apparently inconsistent with the previous shoaling model. We expand the model and infer that, when the deep-water was sulfidic and its shoaling rate was high, a substantial amount of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) was supplied onto the shelf via the shoaling; that resulted in the positive ∆³³S value of the bulk sediments. The observed ∆³³S variation on a global scale suggests a substantial variation in H₂S concentration and/or in upwelling rate of shoaling deep-waters during the Permian–Triassic transition.     

伊犁蒙其古尔铀矿床含矿层砂岩中黄铁矿形成机制及对铀成矿的指示意义

蒙其古尔铀矿床为伊犁盆地南缘大型层间氧化带砂岩型铀矿床,为查明该矿床含矿层中黄铁矿成因及其形成机制,探讨微生物参与铀成矿过程。文章对含矿层砂岩中黄铁矿与铀矿物矿物学特征、黄铁矿S同位素与碳酸盐胶结物的C-O同位素开展细致研究。研究表明:①蒙其古尔铀矿床中铀主要以铀矿物与吸附铀形式存在,吸附铀主要为有机质吸附铀,铀矿物以沥青铀矿为主,多与黄铁矿、炭屑共生;②蒙其古尔铀矿床含矿层砂岩中黄铁矿主要以自形晶、草莓状和不规则状集合体产出,多与沥青铀矿、碳酸盐胶结物共生,其中黄铁矿S同位素(δ~(34)S_(V-CDT)=-68.4‰～22.1‰)与碳酸盐胶结物的C-O同位素(δ~(13)C_(V-PDB)=-10.2‰～-7.4‰,δ~(18)O_(V-PDB)=-9.6‰～-5.8‰)分析表明黄铁矿具有细菌硫酸盐还原(BSR)与有机物热解2种成因,并探讨了这2种不同成因黄铁矿的形成机制。③结合前人研究成果,认为硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)参与蒙其古尔铀矿床铀成矿过程,以间接还原方式为主,在有机质、黏土矿物与颗粒表面吸附U(Ⅵ)的基础上,通过硫酸盐还原菌(SRB)还原SO_4~(2-)产生的H_2S将U(Ⅵ)被还原成U(Ⅳ),形成铀矿物。     

湿地土壤和沉积物异化铁还原过程研究进展

异化铁还原是湿地土壤和沉积物中重要的生物地球化学过程,也是有机质矿化的主要途径之一。湿地干湿交替等过程会使土壤的氧化还原状态发生改变,影响铁元素及与其相关的元素的迁移和转化。总结了湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原过程及其与碳、磷、硫等元素在生物地球化学循环关键过程中的相互作用,阐述了湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原过程对微量金属元素迁移和转化的影响,分析了影响湿地土壤和沉积物异化铁还原过程的主要环境因子。未来相关研究应集中于湿地土壤和沉积物中异化铁还原微生物分析和纯化、不同有机质形式对异化铁还原过程的影响以及异化铁还原对土壤有机质矿化的贡献。     

一种削弱信噪混叠的EMD降噪方法

针对经验模态分解(empirical mode decomposition,EMD)降噪过程中存在信号与噪声模态混叠及直接将分界本征模态函数(intrinsic mode function,IMF)分量归入高频噪声造成真实信号被“湮没”等问题,提出一种改进的EMD降噪方法。该方法将经EMD得到的第2个IMF分量至分界IMF分量进行重构,对重构信号进行下一次EMD,获取其中的“真实”信号,多次重复此操作,最后将所有获得的低频信号累加,从而达到降噪的目的。利用2种模拟数据和1种GPS实测高程数据进行实验,模拟数据与实测数据采用不同的评价指标评价降噪效果,结果表明,改进的EMD方法较传统EMD方法降噪效果更佳,验证了该方法的可靠性。