Evaluation of Electro-Oxidation of Textile Effluent Using Response Surface Methods

In the present investigation, treatment of textile effluent using an electrochemical technique was designed and analyzed using the Box-Behnken method. The influence of individual parameters on electro-oxidation of textile effluent has been critically examined using the response surface method (RSM), and a quadratic model for chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction has been developed. It has been observed from the present analysis that the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental data with a correlation coefficient of 0.945.     

国际岩石圈计划与减轻自然灾害研究

该文介绍了国际岩石圈计划的研究项目、国际岩石圈计划的未来及国际岩石圈计划与减轻自然灾害研究。     

THE THEORETICAL STUDY ON THE LAWS OF DRAG REDUCTION BY AERATION IN OPEN CHANNEL 1

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INVESTIGATION OF STATUS AND DEMAND ON PUBLIC SERVICE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER MITIGATION IN CHINA

In order to make a comprehensive and systematic evaluation of the status and demands of public service of earthquake disaster mitigation, we launched an investigation with Social Opinion Polling Center of National Bureau of Statistics on the current situation of public service of earthquake disaster mitigation and the demands for it in 2018. The investigation was conducted for 18~75-year-old residents for both urban and rural areas in 31 provinces of China mainland using the Computer Assisted Telephone Interview(CATI)method and 20 078 valid samples were received in total. The questionnaire mainly includes two parts: the current situation assessment and the demand survey. The assessment of public service status consists of five indicators: earthquake emergency drill, knowledge publicity of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction, acquisition of earthquake information, reliability of information released by earthquake agencies, and overall satisfaction. The results indicate that only 27.4% of public have participated the earthquake emergency drill, and 73.5% of public have learned some knowledge about earthquake prevention and disaster reduction in different level. It shows that rural residents have a lower level of scientific knowledge of earthquake disaster mitigation although the rural residents have a higher level of satisfaction. Meanwhile, 82.9% of the public are very concerned about earthquake-related information, and the earthquake information acquisition convenience score is 81.51 points(the full score is 100 points). At present, TV is still the most popular way to obtain the earthquake-related information, besides that, network and the new media app such as Wechat and Weibo play a more and more important role. In terms of the reliability of official information published by the earthquake administration, the score is 83.69 points which indicates that the public tend to believe in official departments. Furthermore, the degree of satisfaction evaluation of public service of earthquake disaster mitigation is marked 76.44 points which shows that there is still much room for improvement. The more educated the public, the less satisfied they are with the public service of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction. The results also show that 51.81% of the public are willing to obtain earthquake warning information at their own expense. As for the demand, the most expectative services for the public are post-earthquake rescue and reconstruction, earthquake warning, and house earthquake resilience test. The results of the investigation may provide some reference for the government to provide better services of earthquake disaster mitigation and to make scientific knowledge popularization in a more scientific way.     

人工增雨试验中的反效果问题

该文对人工增雨试验中出现的反效果（减雨）现象及其发生的条件和原因作了概要的评述和分析。根据实例分析,指出人工增雨作业中不适当的催化对象、不适当的催化剂和催化剂量以及不适当的催化部位和催化时机都有可能导致无效或减雨的反效果。在开展人工增雨作业时,应力求在作业有关的各环节提高科学性、减少盲目性,以提高人工增雨实效。文章还简要探讨了人工削弱局地暴雨的可能性,指出这是一个值得认真探索的具有重大潜在社会和经济效益的研究领域。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-observations and radar orbits

Initial asteriod orbits are determined by a least squares adjustment of an arbitrary number (N) of optical and radar observations. The usual separation, into an orbit determination by three observations and a subsequent differential orbit improvement, is combined into a single algorithm. A priori information is used for very small arcs. Ephemerides very suitable for linking are obtained by strictly linear computations.     

Vertical amplitude reduction of Rayleigh waves by a row of piles in a poroelastic half‐space

A row of rigid piles is addressed as the countermeasures for isolating Rayleigh waves in a poroelastic half‐space. The complex characteristic equations for Rayleigh waves are derived via Biot's theory and their existence conditions are given. The piles are modeled as Euler–Bernoulli beams with longitudinal displacements and the diffracted field by each pile is constructed only with Rayleigh waves. Six infinite linear systems of algebraic equations are obtained in terms of the equilibrium of forces and continuity of displacements at the pile–soil interfaces. The systems are subsequently solved in the complex least‐squares sense. The influence of certain pile and soil characteristics such as the permeability of poroelastic soil, spacing between the piles and length of the piles on the isolating performance of a pile barrier is investigated. Computed results show that the permeability of poroelastic soil displays a significant effect on the vertical amplitude reduction of Rayleigh waves. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogeochemical models locating sulfate-methane transition zone in marine sediments overlying black shales: A new tool to locate biogenic methane?

Precise hydrogeochemical modeling of early diagenesis is a key in the reconstruction of sedimentary basin models. This determines the mineralogical evolution of the sediment and consequently the porosity of the rock. During early diagenesis also part of the initial organic matter is converted into biogenic gas: CH₄ CO₂, and H₂S. These processes are part of complex reaction chains during sedimentation, and biogeochemical reactions leave different signals that can be observed today. In this work, we reproduce the early diagenetic processes as integrated signals over geological times in sediments of the Demerara Rise by applying chemical thermodynamics using the PHREEQC (version 2) computer code. The investigated sediments are characterized by the presence of black shales in 410–490 mbsf and by a diagenetic barite layer above in 300–350 mbsf at depth of sulfate-methane transition (SMT). We determine the parameters that influence the location of diagenetic barite peaks in sediments overlying black shales by means of a novel modeling approach. Crucial parameters are the amount of bacterial organic matter mineralization, sedimentation rates and bottom water sulfate concentrations. All parameters are intertwining and influence the sulfate-methane cycle. They affect the location of the SMT visualized by diagenetic barite peaks. However, our model approach opens a wide field in exploring early diagenetic reactions, processes and products (such as biogenic methane) over geological times mirrored by diagenetic minerals and pore water concentration profiles that can be detected in present-day sediments.     

Pencil-beam surveys for trans-neptunian objects: Limits on distant populations

Two populations of minor bodies in the outer Solar System remain particularly elusive: Scattered Disk Objects and Sedna-like objects. These populations are important dynamical tracers, and understanding the details of their spatial- and size-distributions will enhance our understanding of the formation and on-going evolution of the Solar System. By using newly-derived limits on the maximum heliocentric distances that recent pencil-beam surveys for trans-neptunian objects were sensitive to, we determine new upper limits on the total numbers of distant SDOs and Sedna-like objects. While generally consistent with populations estimated from wide-area surveys, we show that for magnitude-distribution slopes of α ? 0.7-1.0, these pencil-beam surveys provide stronger upper limits than current estimates in literature.     

Retrieval algorithm for atmospheric dust properties from Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data during global dust storm 2001A

We present a new parameter retrieval algorithm for Mars Global Surveyor Thermal Emission Spectrometer data. The algorithm uses Newtonian first-order sensitivity functions of the infrared spectrum in response to variations in physical parameters to fit a model spectrum to the data at 499, 1099, and 1301 cm⁻¹. The algorithm iteratively fits the model spectrum to data to simultaneously retrieve dust extinction optical depth, effective radius, and surface temperature. There are several sources of uncertainty in the results. The assumed dust vertical distribution can introduce errors in retrieved optical depth of a few tens of percent. The assumed dust optical constants can introduce errors in both optical depth and effective radius, although the systematic nature of these errors will not affect retrieval of trends in these parameters. The algorithm does not include the spectral signature of water ice, and hence data needs to be filtered against this parameter before the algorithm is applied. The algorithm also needs sufficient dust spectral signature, and hence surface-to-atmosphere temperature contrast, to successfully retrieve the parameters. After the application of data filters the algorithm is both relatively accurate and very fast, successfully retrieving parameters, as well as meaningful parameter variability and trends from tens of thousands of individual spectra on a global scale (Elteto, A., Toon, O.B. [2010]. Icarus, this issue). Our results for optical depth compare well with TES archive values when corrected by the single scattering albedo. Our results are on average 1–4 K higher in surface temperatures from the TES archive values, with greater differences at higher optical depths. Our retrieval of dust effective radii compare well with the retrievals of Wolff and Clancy (Wolff, M.J., Clancy, R.T. [2003]. J. Geophys. Res. 108 (E9), 5097) for the corresponding data selections from the same orbits.