The integration of thermal infrared imaging,discharge measurements and numerical simulation to quantify the relative contributions of freshwater inflows to small estuaries in Atlantic Canada

Nutrient fluxes from developed catchments are often a significant factor in the declining water quality and ecological functioning in estuaries. Determining the relative contributions of surface water and groundwater discharge to nutrient‐sensitive estuaries is required because these two pathways may be characterized by different nutrient concentrations and temporal variability, and may thus require different remedial actions. Quantifying the volumetric discharge of groundwater, which may occur via diffuse seepage or springs, remains a significant challenge. In this contribution, the total discharge of freshwater, including groundwater, to two small nutrient‐sensitive estuaries in Prince Edward Island (Canada) is assessed using a unique combination of airborne thermal infrared imaging, direct discharge measurements in streams and shoreline springs, and numerical simulation of groundwater flow. The results of the thermal infrared surveys indicate that groundwater discharge occurs at discrete locations (springs) along the shoreline of both estuaries, which can be attributed to the fractured sandstone bedrock aquifer. The discharge measured at a sub‐set of the springs correlates well with the area of the thermal signal attributed to each discharge location and this information was used to determine the total spring discharge to each estuary. Stream discharge is shown to be the largest volumetric contribution of freshwater to both estuaries (83% for Trout River estuary and 78% for McIntyre Creek estuary); however, groundwater discharge is significant at between 13% and 18% of the total discharge. Comparison of the results from catchment‐scale groundwater flow models and the analysis of spring discharge suggest that diffuse seepage to both estuaries comprises only about 25% of the total groundwater discharge. The methods employed in this research provide a useful framework for determining the relative volumetric contributions of surface water and groundwater to small estuaries and the findings are expected to be relevant to other fractured sandstone coastal catchments in Atlantic Canada. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

两广交界地区花岗岩中包体的类型，特征与成因

据包体岩相学及矿物学研究，包体岩石为角闪岩相到麻粒岩相的副变质岩，岩石类型有麻粒岩，变粒岩，片麻岩和富云包体，角闪岩相包体形成的温度为633度，压力为460Mpa-550MPa，麻粒岩包体形成的温度为781－883度，压力为530MPa-710MPa，包体为部分熔融形成寄主花岗岩岩浆的源区岩石列余，其中大容－十万大山地区角闪岩相－ 麻粒岩相包体岩石为区域动热变质成因；云开大山地区麻粒岩包体岩石为热穹隆变质成因。     

Soil thermal properties at Kalpakkam in coastal South India

Time series of soil surface and subsurface temperatures, soil heat flux, net radiation, air temperature and wind speed were measured at two locations in Kalpakkam, coastal southeast India. The data were analysed to estimate soil thermal diffusivity, thermal conductivity, volumetric heat capacity and soil heat flux. This paper describes the results and discusses their implications.     

地幔动力学与板块俯冲

通过地幔粘滞性及粘滞结构、地幔热状态、地幔热生成三个方面，探讨了地幔物质发生对流的物理背景，并归纳出地幔对流模式热动力系统，在此基础上剖柏了地幔对流和现代板块构造的直接联系。     

SST THERMAL FORCING – A DISCUSSION ON THE MECHANISM OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION

Dynamic and numerical methods are used to discuss the atmospheric response to SST thermal forcing. The results show that for planetary scale systems, the standing SST thermal forcing can quickly excite a stable atmospheric equilibrium state response, which is characterized by obvious large-scale teleconnection oscillation in east-west and south-north directions. For synoptic scale systems, the SST thermal forcing mainly excites the atmospheric low-frequency oscillation. Some basic relation and dynamic processes between SST thermal forcing and atmospheric response pattern are revealed and some new viewpoints are presented.     

正热电离质谱同时测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成

初步研究了一种硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素质谱测定的新方法。该法利用石墨的非还原热离子发射特性 ,建立了以测定 Cs2 NO2 + 离子的正热电离质谱测定硝酸盐中氮和氧同位素组成的过程 ,对方法的可行性、特点和存在的问题进行了讨论 ,并对几种测定氮和氧同位素的方法进行了比较。运用正热电离质谱法对几种不同厂家生产的硝酸盐试剂的氮和氧同位素组成进行了测定 ,发现氮和氧同位素组成存在较大的差异     

Spatial distribution characteristics of urban thermal conditions: application of GIS and remote sensing

Due to the limitation of site number, manpower and material resources, it is hard to gain a deep understanding of the plane distribution and internal structure of the thermal conditions by routine methods to study the thermal landscape characteristics of the ground surface. Using remote sensing method to study and analyze heat island effect has many advantages, such as high resolution, wide coverage and dense samples. In order to study, in advance and synchronously, the thermal distribution ch…