Constraining the characters of the upper mantle discontinuities beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau with a dense broadband seismic array

Based on observations from a dense broadband seismic array located along the northeastern (NE) margin of the Tibetan Plateau in southeastern Gansu Province,we use receiver functions (RFs) to pick the arrival times of P-to-S converted waves and bin the traces in different grids according to the piercing points of the 410 and 660 km discontinuities in the upper mantle.The depths of the two discontinuities are estimated by the ray tracing method with the IASP91 velocity model and a 3-D tomography model.The results indicate the following:(1) The arrival times of the P410s and P660s converted phases are delayed by approximately 1 s than those predicted by the IASP91 model.The mantle transition zone (MTZ) is thicker than that in the global model.(2) The synchronous lags in the P410s and P660s arrival times are consistent with low-velocity anomalies in the upper mantle,which are believed to result mainly from the eastward migration of materials beneath the NE margin of the Tibetan Plateau.(3) Combined with previous tomography results,the depression of the'660'discontinuity and the thickened MTZ are somewhat consistent with the big mantle wedge (BMW) model.However,due to data limitations,more studies are required to explore the BMW in the future.     

气候变化对黄河上游天然径流量影响分析

根据黄河上游兰州以上地区1959-2002年历年逐月气温、降水量资料,统计分析了近44年区域气候变化的基本特点,同时通过对各站气温、降水量与兰州站年天然径流量相关系数的计算,选取代表站及典型时段,建立天然径流量计算公式,并计算分析了天然径流量对气候变化的敏感性及气候变化对径流的影响程度。结果表明：(1)年径流量随降水的递增而加大,随气温的升高而减小;(2)径流量对降水变化的响应较其对气温变化的响应更显著;(3)20世纪90年代以来,气候变化对天然年径流量的影响较显著,其影响幅度达13．2％。     

黄土高原450kaBP前后荒漠草原大迁移研究

1IntroductionChinese loess has been studied by a lot of researchers and its important scientific significance is realized in restoring the Quaternary environment and correlating the climatic changes between oceans and continents (An etal., 1985; Kukla, 19…     

陕蒙交界地区碎屑岩风化成因浅析

陕蒙交界地区基岩均具强风化,由此造成当地环境恶化、下游地区生态破坏和灾害积累。其形成机理应与岩石本身的物质组成、自然地理环境、地质构造状况、水文地质条件及其物理化学条件有关。而南部地区,由于上述诸因素的差别,基岩风化微弱。     

东天山红柳河地区晚加里东期花岗岩类岩石锆石U-Pb年龄及其地质意义

本文对东天山红柳河地区2个花岗岩类岩体进行了年代学和元素-同位素地球化学研究.锆石U-Pb年龄表明,红柳河北闪长岩体(441.4±1.6Ma)和前进工区花岗岩体(440.9±3.1Ma)形成于晚加里东期.这两个花岗岩类岩体的形成不仅证实了东天山存在着晚加里东期岩浆活动,而且其形成与哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔大洋板块向塔里木板块俯冲密切相关.     

胶东栖霞大霞址断裂南段金矿地质特征及成因研究

近年来胶东栖霞大霞址断裂南段发现了多个金矿床。文章从蚀变带特征、矿体空间展布特征等方面阐述了研究区金矿地质特征;从地层、岩浆岩、构造“三位一体”分析总结了控矿因素;通过与典型矿床的分析对比,认为该区金矿床类型属于构造蚀变岩型,金矿与硅化、绢英岩化、黄铁矿化关系最为密切;结合对成矿物质来源、成矿流体运移、沉淀、富集等的认识,对大霞址断裂金矿的成因进行了总结,建立了成矿模式,提出了下一步找矿建议。     

潮流界以下河段航道整治水位确定方法研究——以长江江阴以下河段为例

在总结分析现有整治水位确定方法的基础上,根据潮流界以下河段的水沙运动特性,本文提出一种基于输沙能力的航道整治水位确定方法。考虑上游来水、下游潮汐为独立事件,统计潮流界以下河段上游来水、下游潮汐不同等级组合出现的频率,采用数学模型计算相应组合下河段沿程的潮位、流速过程,以流速四次方代表水流的输沙能力,统计不同潮位等级对应的综合净输沙能力,确定最大综合净输沙能力对应的水位为(最优)航道整治水位。以长江下游白茆沙水道和福姜沙水道为例,计算了所在河段的航道整治水位,并探讨了起动流速对整治水位计算的影响和最高整治水位概念对工程的意义。     

砂质海岸岸滩侵蚀演变模式探讨——以山东南部海岸侵蚀岸段的岸滩演变为例

在分析山东南部海岸几十年来的地形观测资料的基础上，运用砂质海岸等深线变化预测理论，建立该区的岸滩侵蚀演变预测模型，研究了该区域岸滩演变规律。实测资料验证表明：预测结果合理，基本反映了本区岸滩演变的特征。     

酒泉市湿陷性粉土基本特征分析

根据对酒泉市粉土的形成背景、成因、颗粒组成、空隙结构的分析,并对粉土的湿陷性与含水量、天然孔隙比的关系进行归纳总结提出了酒泉市粉土湿陷性的工程防治措施。     

Climate change and future flows of Rocky Mountain rivers: converging forecasts from empirical trend projection and down‐scaled global circulation modelling

To predict future river flows, empirical trend projection (ETP) analyses and extends historic trends, while hydroclimatic modelling (HCM) incorporates regional downscaling from global circulation model (GCM) outputs. We applied both approaches to the extensively allocated Oldman River Basin that drains the North American Rocky Mountains and provides an international focus for water sharing. For ETP, we analysed monthly discharges from 1912 to 2008 with non‐parametric regression, and extrapolated changes to 2055. For modelling, we refined the physical models MTCLIM and SNOPAC to provide water inputs into RIVRQ (river discharge), a model that assesses the streamflow regime as involving dynamic peaks superimposed on stable baseflow. After parameterization with 1960–1989 data, we assessed climate forecasts from six GCMs: CGCM1‐A, HadCM3, NCAR‐CCM3, ECHAM4 and 5 and GCM2. Modelling reasonably reconstructed monthly hydrographs (R² about 0·7), and averaging over three decades closely reconstructed the monthly pattern (R² = 0·94). When applied to the GCM forecasts, the model predicted that summer flows would decline considerably, while winter and early spring flows would increase, producing a slight decline in the annual discharge (?3%, 2005–2055). The ETP predicted similarly decreased summer flows but slight change in winter flows and greater annual flow reduction (?9%). The partial convergence of the seasonal flow projections increases confidence in a composite analysis and we thus predict further declines in summer (about ? 15%) and annual flows (about ? 5%). This composite projection indicates a more modest change than had been anticipated based on earlier GCM analyses or trend projections that considered only three or four decades. For other river basins, we recommend the utilization of ETP based on the longest available streamflow records, and HCM with multiple GCMs. The degree of correspondence from these two independent approaches would provide a basis for assessing the confidence in projections for future river flows and surface water supplies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.