The Quaternary history of the Wash fluvial network, UK

This paper appraises and compares the Middle-Upper Pleistocene sedimentary sequences preserved in the fluvial systems draining into the Fenland Basin and the Wash estuary. Of the main Fenland rivers the longest records, which extend back to the initial Anglian (glacial) formation of the basin, are found in the Great Ouse and its tributaries, particularly the Cam and the Nar. These sequences preserve sediments representing all four post-Anglian interglacials. The Nene also has an extensive post-Anglian history, with evidence for a Hoxnian estuary that is presumed to have been the precursor of the Wash. North of the Nene, however, the Welland and Witham (proto-Trent) have relatively short sequences, which are thought to commence with a later (post-Anglian-pre-Devensian) glaciation that affected Lincolnshire and fed the previously-recognized Tottenhill outwash delta south of Kings Lynn. Prior to Devensian deglaciation the Witham valley was occupied by the Trent, which was the trunk river of the late Middle Pleistocene Wash system. During periods of low sea level the river would have extended north-eastwards across what is now the floor of the North Sea, possibly via the Inner Silver Pit. Several of the central Fenland sequences show evidence of infrequent terrace formation during the late Quaternary, although this might in part be due to poor vertical separation between terraces, so that differentiating them has been difficult; this has been exacerbated by mixed biostratigraphical signals due to the preservation of sediments representing more than one interglacial beneath a single terrace surface. In several of the systems there is evidence for valley rejuvenation to the lowest terrace or valley-floor level during the MIS 4-3 transition. The observed differences within what, during the predominant periods of lower sea level, would have been a single Wash river system are difficult to explain.     

落马洞暗河发育特征及其洪涝成因分析

根据区域岩溶发育史分析认为,湖北宣恩县落马洞暗河的形成总体上可分为两个阶段:第一阶段发生在白垩纪末至晚第三纪。在该阶段中,降水主要通过发育于卧西坪岩溶坡立谷地两侧的小型洼地、落水洞汇入地下管道,往卧西坪谷地排泄,在卧西坪一带形成一小型岩溶湖泊的同时,还在谷地西侧形成了下黑槽、铜锣坪、扁洞三个近东西向地下暗河系统。第二个阶段发生在晚第三纪至今。在这一期间,随着区域构造运动的振荡性抬升,岩溶侵蚀基准面不断下降,在谷地内形成了上、下黑槽、铜锣坪落水洞与卧西坪消水洞等垂向岩溶管道,贯通早期形成的东西向管道并袭夺卧西坪和铜锣坪一带的地表岩溶湖水,使得原分散的岩溶水系统通过南北向的主管道集中排泄,形成了多进口的树枝状复杂管道暗河系统。卧西坪岩溶坡立谷内常年遭受洪涝的原因主要是由于落马洞地下暗河形成年代较晚,管道规模较小,且洞内坍塌淤积严重,排水能力小。在此基础上,提出了加强流域水土流失管理、疏通河道和新建排水隧洞等治理措施与防治对策。      

地质非结构化数据研究战略——以JPG图件为例

从大数据时代背景出发,提出研究地质非结构化数据的战略意义。通过分析地质数据的特点,发现其大数据性。以JPG图件为例,展开国内外研究现状分析和行业应用分析。最后通过分析地质JPG图件数据的使用情况,提出地质JPG图件数据战略规划。     

模糊物元理论在干旱分析中的应用研究

干旱的评价指标具有多样性,各种指标在优劣程度上是渐变的,具有模糊性,不同的干旱指标对干旱的分析会存在一定的差异性。利用渭河流域1960～2010年近50a的日气候资料,通过分析计算选取标准降水指数、综合干旱指数和降水距平百分率并通过模糊物元理论将这三种干旱评价指标结合起来构建一种新的评价方法并与已发生的干旱进行分析对比。结果显示:模糊物元理论可以很好的将多种干旱指标结合起来从而减小不同指标分析所存在的差异性;且与单独一干旱指标所分析的干旱趋势没有出现较大的偏差。可以将多种分析方法结合起来更好的揭示干旱的变化规律,定量评价流域内的干旱变化情况,对抗旱减灾工作有重要的科学意义。     

Late Triassic volcanic activity in South-East Asia: New stratigraphical,geochronological and paleontological evidence from the Luang Prabang Basin (Laos)

In South-East Asia, sedimentary basins displaying continental Permian and Triassic deposits have been poorly studied. Among these, the Luang Prabang Basin (North Laos) represents a potential key target to constrain the stratigraphic and structural evolutions of South-East Asia. A combined approach involving sedimentology, palaeontology, geochronology and structural analysis, was thus implemented to study the basin. It resulted in a new geological map, in defining new formations, and in proposing a complete revision of the Late Permian to Triassic stratigraphic succession as well as of the structural organization of the basin. Radiometric ages are used to discuss the synchronism of volcanic activity and sedimentation.The Luang Prabang Basin consists of an asymmetric NE-SW syncline with NE-SW thrusts, located at the contact between Late Permian and Late Triassic deposits. The potential stratigraphic gap at the Permian–Triassic boundary is therefore masked by deformation in the basin. The Late Triassic volcaniclastic continental deposits are representative of alluvial plain and fluvial environments. The basin was fed by several sources, varying from volcanic, carbonated to silicic (non-volcanic). U–Pb dating of euhedral zircon grains provided maximum sedimentation ages. The stratigraphic vertical succession of these ages, from ca. 225, ca. 220 to ca. 216 Ma, indicates that a long lasting volcanism was active during sedimentation and illustrates significant variations in sediment preservation rates in continental environments (from ∼100 m/Ma to ∼3 m/Ma). Anhedral inherited zircon grains gave older ages. A large number of them, at ca. 1870 Ma, imply the reworking of a Proterozoic basement and/or of sediments containing fragments of such a basement. In addition, the Late Triassic (Carnian to Norian) sediments yielded to a new dicynodont skull, attributed to the Kannemeyeriiform group family, from layers dated in between ∼225 and ∼221 Ma (Carnian).     

西北地区东部季节干旱的时空变化特征分析

干旱作为我国西北地区东部影响最大的气象灾害, 可引起农业减产、水资源短缺、土地荒漠化和生态环境恶化等严重问题.在国家新一轮西部大开发战略实施之初, 在全球气候变暖背景下, 有必要对干旱发展的最新特征和演变趋势进行详细分析研究, 为加强防旱、抗旱,促进经济发展提供科学决策依据和参考.采用国家干旱标准综合干旱指数(CI指数), 利用西北地区东部74个气象代表站逐日气温、降水资料, 分析了西北地区东部不同级别干旱日数在各个季节的时空分布和变化趋势. 结果表明: 在气候变暖背景下, 西北地区东部从长期趋势看, 春、夏、秋季干旱呈加剧趋势, 冬季干旱呈减轻趋势. 21世纪以来春、夏季干旱进一步加剧, 尤其是夏季加剧更显著, 而秋、冬季干旱出现了减弱的新趋势. 在西北地区东部主降水期3-11月重-特旱加剧趋势比轻-中旱加剧显著, 南部干旱化趋势比北部更加明显. 尤其是宁夏同心地区春旱加剧非常显著, 已成为西北地区东部重-特旱最严重的地区.对于干旱发展的这一新动态, 必须引起有关部门的高度重视, 采取科学、有效手段加强防旱、抗旱.     

临汾盆地果场地裂缝成因机理分析

地裂缝是临汾盆地主要的地质灾害之一, 自20世纪70年代盆地开始出现地裂缝以来, 至2012年8月共发现86条地裂缝。本文以临汾盆地内部典型地裂缝临汾果场地裂缝为研究对象, 详细地论述了地裂缝发育的地质环境背景。利用野外调查、测量、槽探、钻探和物理勘探等地质手段, 主要研究了地裂缝的发育特征, 包括平面特征、灾害特征、浅部剖面结构特征和深部特征4个方面, 总结了地裂缝的活动规律。发现果场地裂缝平面延伸长, 宽度大, 走向稳定, 灾害严重; 浅表层上宽下窄, 呈喇叭状, 深部结构显示地裂缝下伏隐伏断层, 地裂缝活动受降雨控制。通过分析影响地裂缝形成的各个因素:盆地构造、超采地下水和强降雨, 将果场地裂缝的形成分为3个阶段:孕育阶段、出露阶段和扩展阶段; 最后概化了果场地裂缝的成因机理:构造孕缝、抽水诱缝和降雨扩缝。     

青藏高原羌塘盆地早侏罗世晚期海螂蛤页岩及其年代地层学意义

发现于德国南部的早侏罗世土亚辛期的海螂蛤页岩相沉积是中生代最早一次,也是唯一保存在大陆地层中的全球性大洋缺氧事件的典型代表。近年中国羌塘盆地已相继发现4处海螂蛤页岩相地层。北羌塘天然气水合物钻探试验井QK-5井钻遇含海螂蛤页岩相特有化石组合的地层,厚度逾150m,是迄今所知羌塘盆地纬度最高的海螂蛤页岩相产地,其他3处分布在羌塘盆地中间隆起带以南的双湖和色哇等地。海螂蛤页岩相的分布纵贯南、北羌塘,意味着羌塘盆地在早侏罗世并没有受到中间隆起带的制约而分成南、北2个独立的沉积凹陷。北羌塘西部白龙冰河、半岛湖一带与东部雀莫措、雁石坪一带的早侏罗世沉积相截然不同,形成早侏罗世西海东陆的沉积格局。海螂蛤页岩相在羌塘盆地的发现,有助于进一步认识中生代羌塘盆地沉积和古海洋演化历史。该区以海螂蛤黑色页岩为代表的富碳沉积无论是分布面积还是沉积厚度都十分可观,对盆地的天然气水合物、页岩气及常规油气勘探具有重要的意义。     

泥质杂基含量对柴达木盆地昆2井孔隙演化模式影响的压实模拟实验研究

随着勘探程度的提高,油气勘探必然向深层延伸。弄清深部储层的孔隙演化规律,提高预测精度,是深入勘探的重要基础。通过对柴达木盆地昆2井岩屑和岩芯样品的系统采集,运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜和测井解释等手段,系统分析了古近系与新近系地层的岩石学、矿物学和储层物性特征,发现泥质杂基含量与砂岩的孔隙演化密切相关。为了正演孔隙的演化过程,运用分选很好的风成石英砂和粒度细小的红色粘土为材料,按照粘土杂基含量为5%、10%、15%、20%,制作了四类石英砂开展模拟实验。松散沉积物的压实模拟,从1.4MPa试验加压到210.4MPa,分别进行了21个循环实验。将实验模拟的结果,与昆2井的岩芯资料进行了对比分析。研究表明,碎屑岩泥质杂基含量越高,初始孔隙度越小,孔隙度衰减越快;泥质含量较低的净砂岩,当上覆压力达到76.5MPa时,颗粒大量破碎并重新排列,导致粒间体积减缩以及少量直线型粒内裂缝出现,储层物性明显变差。压实模拟的实验数据,能够为快速沉降区砂岩的储层质量预测提供依据。     

国道314线焉耆盆地段高速公路遥感选线应用研究

卫星遥感技术应用在公路选线中,具有常规方法无可比拟的优势。在国道314线焉耆盆地段高速公路前期选线研究中,以Landsat-5 TM457数字图象为主要信息源,通过数据处理和遥感判释并综合分析常规资料,对焉耆盆地段第四纪堆积平原土体工程地质区进一步划分亚区,探讨分析了不良地质现象分布规律、形成背景及发展演化趋势,在此基础上比较各设计线路之优缺点,并提出科学合理的建议线路方案。