紫球藻细胞破碎方法研究

采用反复冻融法和超声波细胞破碎法分别对不同密度的紫球藻细胞进行了破碎研究，并通过细胞计数和藻红蛋白含量测定的手段对两种方法所得细胞破碎效率进行了比较。结果表明，随着冻融温度的降低，细胞的破碎率明显增大，而藻液密度对破碎率的影响较小。超声波法对细胞的破碎率明显高于冻融法，其中占空比和破碎时间两个因素对细胞的破碎率影响较大，在占空比为50％、输出功率为150W和时间20min的条件下，紫球藻细胞的破碎率可达到87.4％，并且随着细胞破碎效率的提高，藻红蛋白的提取量也明显增加。     

青藏高原腹地多年冻土区地表反照率的季节变化及主要影响因子

准确获取青藏高原地表反照率的季节变化特征对高原地表能水循环研究具有重要意义。本文利用青藏高原多年冻土区西大滩和唐古拉2007年的气象及辐射数据,运用相关分析方法研究了太阳高度角、积雪及活动层冻融过程对地表反照率变化的影响。结果显示:冷暖季降雪过程中地表反照率的变化差异较明显;地表无积雪覆盖期间,地表反照率与气温和表层土壤含水量呈反相关关系。利用多元回归分析法构建了以积雪日数和气温为影响因子的月均地表反照率计算回归方程,经检验与观测值对比平均相对误差为7.1%,可用于青藏高原北部地表反照率的估算。     

青藏高原风火山地区冻土变化分析

基于对多年来风火山地区的多年冻土资料,研究了天然地区和路基下的冻土上限变化情况以及多年冻土的融化状态,并定量分析了进入多年冻土内的热状况。结果表明：风火山地区从20世纪70年代到90年代中期冻土上限下降,冻土出现退化现象,从90年代至今冻土趋于稳定；路基近地表地温明显高于对应天然地表下的地温,路基近地表经历的融化期长于对应天然地表,进入多年冻土区的热收支也呈现出吸热明显大于放热的周期性变化,进入多年冻土的热积累暂时以增高地温耗热为主,但随着冻土吸热量的逐年积累、冻土温度的不断升高,本区冻土可能发生强烈融化。     

冻融作用对饱和粉质黏土抗剪性能的影响

为研究季节冻土地区冻融作用对道路边坡土体抗剪性能的影响规律,在不同冻结和融化温度、不同冻融循环次数、开放和封闭体系条件下对冻融饱和原状粉黏土试样进行了不固结、不排水剪切试验。试验结果表明:饱和原状粉质黏土冻融后,黏聚力降低,内摩擦角增大,冻结温度越低,冻融作用对黏聚力和内摩擦角的影响越小,随着冻融循环次数的增加,5～7次冻结循环后二者的变化逐渐趋于稳定。水分补给会强化冻融作用对试验土抗剪性能的影响;融化温度对试验土的抗剪性能影响很小。     

黑龙江省季节冻土形成发育规律及特征

在黑龙江省均有季节冻结和季节融化现象发生，多年冻土区有季节融化层，季节冻结层主要分布在多年冻土区以外的地区。按季节冻结类型可把黑龙江省季节冻土分为过渡型、半过渡型、长期稳定型和稳定型等类型。季节冻结和融化深度在年际间有很大的差异，在多年冻土区南界附近，季节冻深年际间变化最大。土季节冻结和融化的影响因素主要有雪盖、植被、土壤成分及含水量、地表状况和地形等。     

近50年来辽宁省冻土的时空变化特征

利用辽宁省61个气象站1964—2013年的冻土观测资料,采用线性回归、相关性分析、不同气候期对比等方法,结合ArcGIS分析了辽宁省冻土的空间和时间变化特征。结果表明:辽宁省冻土随纬度呈带状分布;土壤冻结具有明显的季节变化特征,冻结期在10月至翌年5月,冬末春初冻结的面积和深度达到最大值;冻结日自北向南逐渐推迟,消融日则相反;在全球变暖背景下,冻土深度随温度的上升而减小;大部分地区年平均气温和地表温度与最大冻土深度呈显著负相关,是影响冻土深度的重要因素;从各气候期100cm等深度线也可以明显看出最大冻土深度呈逐渐减小趋势。     

Soil frost effects on streamflow recessions in a subarctic catchment

The Arctic is warming rapidly. Changing seasonal freezing and thawing cycles of the soil are expected to affect river run‐off substantially, but how soil frost influences river run‐off at catchment scales is still largely unknown. We hypothesize that soil frost alters flow paths and therefore affects storage–discharge relations in subarctic catchments. To test this hypothesis, we used an approach that combines meteorological records and recession analysis. We studied streamflow data (1986–2015) of Abiskojokka, a river that drains a mountainous catchment (560 km²) in the north of Sweden (68° latitude). Recessions were separated into frost periods (spring) and no‐frost periods (summer) and then compared. We observed a significant difference between recessions of the two periods: During spring, discharge was linearly related to storage, whereas storage–discharge relationships in summer were less linear. An analysis of explanatory factors showed that after winters with cold soil temperatures and low snowpack, storage–discharge relations approached linearity. On the other hand, relatively warm winter soil conditions resulted in storage–discharge relationships that were less linear. Even in summer, relatively cold antecedent winter soils and low snowpack levels had a propagating effect on streamflow. This could be an indication that soil frost controls recharge of deep groundwater flow paths, which affects storage–discharge relationships in summer. We interpret these findings as evidence for soil frost to have an important control over river run‐off dynamics. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing significant catchment‐integrated effects of soil frost on this spatiotemporal scale.     

Impact of the anomalous thawing in the Tibetan Plateau on summer precipitation in China and its mechanism

The impact of the anomalous thawing of frozen soil in the late spring on the summer precipitation in China and its possible mechanism are analyzed in the context of the frozen soil thawing date data of the 50 meteorological stations in the Tibetan Plateau, and the NCEP/NCAR monthly average reanalysis data.Results show that the thawing dates of the Tibetan Plateau gradually become earlier from 1980 to 1999,which is consistent with the trend of global warming in the 20th century. Because differences in the thermal capacity and conductivity between frozen and unfrozen soils are larger, changes in the freezing/thawing process of soil may change the physical properties of the underlying surface, thus affecting exchanges of sensible and latent heat between the ground surface and air. The thermal state change of the plateau ground surface must lead to the thermal anomalies of the atmosphere over and around the plateau, and then further to the anomalies of the general atmospheric circulation. A possible mechanism for the impact of the thawing of the plateau on summer (July) precipitation may be as follows. When the frozen soil thaws early (late) in the plateau, the thermal capacity of the ground surface is large (small), and the thermal conductivity is small (large), therefore, the thermal exchanges between the ground surface and the air are weak (strong). The small (large) ground surface sensible and latent heat fluxes lead to a weak (strong) South Asian high, a weak (strong) West Pacific subtropical high and a little to south (north) of its normal position. Correspondingly, the ascending motion is strengthened (weakened) and precipitationin creases (decreases) in South China, while in the middle and lower reaches of the Changjiang River, the ascending motion and precipitation show the opposite trend.     

Field-based experimental determination of the weathering rates of the Cappadocian tuffs

Since the last eruption in the Cappadocia region that resulted in the formation of irregular, hard, thick lava layers on top of the Cappadocian tuffs, atmospheric processes have preferentially sculptured the tuffs. The erosion processes have resulted in some beautiful topographical landscape features, the so-called “fairy chimneys”. However, erosion, which is an important factor in the formation of fairy chimneys in the early stages, has a negative effect on their future. Over time, the number of visitors to this region has also increased and, therefore, in addition to natural erosion, the effects of localized erosion resulting from tourism at the site have increased in the last few decades. The physical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the Cappadocian tuffs have been widely investigated in previous studies, but, their weathering characteristics, particularly weathering rate, were not determined in these studies. Determination of the weathering rate of these rocks is mandatory, especially for conservation projects, which should be urgently applied in order to protect this heritage. In this study, a comprehensive research program was carried out on the weathering properties of the Cappadocian tuffs and the weathering rate was determined in field and laboratory investigations. To this purpose, a detailed field investigation was performed. Besides field observations, the mineralogical, physical and mechanical properties of tuffs were also determined. In addition to durability evaluation by the slake durability index test, wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were also performed for weathering rate assessment of the Cappadocian tuffs. In order to account for overburden load on some specific parts of pillars, these wetting–drying and freezing–thawing tests were performed under loads. The results obtained from field observations of old man-made structures and from laboratory studies show that the weathering rate varies between 0.03 and 0.59 mm/year for the Esbelli tuff, and 0.4 and 2.5 mm/year for softer part of the Kavak member.     

冻融过程对黑土水稳性团聚体含量影响

以黑土为试验材料,通过室内模拟试验,研究了冻融过程中含水量、温度、循环次数等因素对黑土团聚体稳定性的影响.结果表明:田间持水量(40%)时的冻融过程增强团聚体稳定性,含水量过高或过低均破碎团聚体,特别是高含水量(70%);冻结温度对团聚体稳定性也有显著影响,含水量条件是适宜冻结温度的先决条件;随冻融循环次数增加(1次、7次和14次)各级团聚体含量(>0.5mm)、团聚体总量和平均重量直径降低.在此基础上,针对含水量对团聚体稳定性效应的研究争议,提出冻融过程团聚体稳定性的土壤水气矛盾统一体假设.建议在黑土冻结前,调节土壤含水量至田间持水量,从而保持和改善土壤物理结构.