Relative contribution of various climatic processes in disintegration of clay-bearing rocks

The climatic processes of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing affect the disintegration characteristics of clay-bearing rocks (shales, claystones, mudstones, and siltstones) to varying degrees. Although heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing are known to be the main processes responsible for physical disintegration of rocks under natural conditions, most of the previous investigators have used methods based only on water content variations (e.g., jar slake, slake index, and slake durability index tests) to assess the disintegration of clay-bearing rocks. Such assessments may not be adequate to explain the field behaviour of clay-bearing rocks subjected to a full range of climatic processes. In order to evaluate the combined effects as well as relative contributions of various climatic processes on the disintegration behaviour, samples of selected clay-bearing rocks, consisting of 5–6 particles, each weighing 85–150 g, were subjected to multiple cycles of heating and cooling, wetting and drying, and freezing and thawing. These treatments resulted in fragmentation of samples with fragments ranging from 50 to 2 mm and finer in dimensions. A new approach, referred to as the disintegration ratio, and defined as the area under the grain size distribution curve of the disintegrated material to the total area encompassing all grain size distribution curves of the samples, was used to account for fragmentation into varying sizes. Statistical analyses were performed to investigate the relationship between fragmentation, mineralogical composition, and physical properties.     

淮南刘庄煤矿人工冻融土的冻胀与融沉研究

安徽淮南刘庄煤矿主井井塔地基工程采用了人工冻结法施工,因而主井井塔地基土发生冻胀和融沉的变化。为了工程的安全和井塔的稳定,本文对主井井塔地基的人工冻融土进行了冻胀和融沉模拟试验,并对试验数据进行分析和计算。本文对人工冻融土冻胀与融沉性质的研究,填补了我国在这方面研究的不足,为今后该方面的工程施工提供了参考依据。     

青藏高原东部冻融作用下花岗岩力学性质弱化机理研究

花岗岩山体通常被认为是稳定性较好的地质体,但在青藏高原东部高寒高海拔山区,因冻融作用导致花岗岩体力学性质变差,崩塌、滑坡等地质灾害频发。针对青藏高原东部理塘和八宿地区的花岗岩开展了冻融循环力学试验,通过波速、核磁共振方法分析了岩石冻融过程中的损伤发展趋势。试验结果表明：岩石内部损伤程度随着冻融次数的增加而增加,岩石波速则随着冻融次数的增加而明显降低;从核磁共振T2弛豫时间分布的发展规律可以推断,天然条件下风化较严重的岩样经过冻融循环后裂隙尺寸范围进一步增大,而风化程度微小的岩石经过冻融后裂隙尺寸范围较为集中。对经过冻融循环后的岩样进行三轴压缩试验,结果表明岩石的单轴抗压强度和弹性模量随冻融次数增大而减小,而泊松比和内摩擦角没有表现出明显的变化规律。基于试验数据和理论分析,以八宿花岗岩为例,提出了冻融损伤本构模型,对不同围压和冻融循环次数条件下的岩石应力应变全过程进行模拟和预测。     

兰州黄土在冻融过程中水热输运实验研究

实验表明，当上边界面温度按正弦变化，下边界面温度保持某一固定值时，冻结均匀的兰州黄土融化后，相变界面附近的含水量明显增大。同样，对初始均匀融化的兰州黄土试样，经冰融循环作用后，冰土层内最大融化深工附近的含水量大于附近区域的含水量。试样内水分在冻融作用下的这种积累特征，与天然情况下多年冻土上限附近出现的水分富积现象相类似。由于在冻结和融化过程中，水分将向相变界面附近迁移，多年冻土上限附近地下冰的形成     

土壤冻融条件下的陆面过程研究综述

冻土是全球中高纬地区和高山地带普遍存在的自然现象,它对全球以及区域性气候、水循环、水平衡等都有着巨大的影响,土壤冻融条件下的陆面过程正是这种影响的重要环节,介绍了土壤冻融条件下陆面过程的研究现状,特别是在大气环流模型(GCM)中引入水文陆面模型以来陆面过程研究的迅猛发展,对现在国际上正在进行的考虑冻土的陆面过程研究项目,如陆面过程参数化比较计划的第二阶段第五期PILPS(2E)以及美国NASA的寒区陆面过程实地试验计划也进行了介绍,并在此基础上对土壤冻融条件下陆面过程的发展趋势进行了分析.     

Deformation of laminated silt loam due to repeated freezing and thawing cycles

The effect of repeated freezing and thawing cycles on an experimentally-produced laminated silt loam was studied with the purpose of obtaining more insight into the genesis of macro- and microstructures observed in the loessic formations of Northwestern Europe. The laminated silt loam was subsequently subjected to 18 cycles of alternate freezing and thawing. The minimum temperature recorded after 11 days of frost was ? 7°C at a depth of 5 cm and ? 4°C at 29 cm. The underlying sediments, compact loam (except its upper part) and sand, always remained unfrozen. The experiment reproduced a seasonal superficially frozen ground. New structures and microfabrics in the form of vesicles, platy structures, shear planes, and micro-undulations were created by ice segregation and thawing, mechanical stress and subsequent frost-creep. The impact of the freezing and thawing cycles is very strong, all the laminae being deformed or broken. Judging by the abundance and the diversity of the structures created, freezing is a more important process than simple drying without frost. As is evidenced by the range in temperature chosen for the experiment and the low number of cycles, these structures do not necessarily require severe climatic conditions to develop, unlike frost cracks or ice wedge casts. They could develop in winter conditions similar to those present today in the French Southern Alps.     

科尔沁草甸地冻融期土壤水热盐动态迁移规律

为掌握科尔沁草甸地冻融期土壤水、热、盐迁移规律,以科尔沁左翼后旗阿古拉生态水文试验站2013年10月—2014年5月土壤冻融期实测气象、土壤等数据为基础,用统计分析法对研究区草甸地冻融期土壤温度、水分、盐分的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:气温对土壤剖面温度的影响随着土壤深度的增加而降低,土壤剖面温度变化滞后于气温变化的时间取决于气温升降幅度,且没有显著的规律;由于气温回升速度大于降温速度,导致土壤消融速度比冻结速度快;土壤冻结过程由表层向下进行,冻结温度与土壤含盐量呈负相关关系,用温度的线性内插法准确确定草甸地于2014年3月9日达到最大冻深104 cm;土壤消融时受地下暖土层热流和地表温度双重影响,由底部向地表和由地表向冻结层进行双向消融;地下水位埋深较浅,受土壤冻融作用影响,升降趋势显著;草甸地土壤冻结期盐分向地表积聚,并于2月达到最大,后经消融及雨水淋润作用开始下降;冻融期盐分变异性大于水分变异性,说明盐分的运移过程更为复杂。     

环境气候条件下土壤冻融过程中湿热耦合作用模型研究

基于Harlan模型和Darcy定律,综合考虑环境气候因素和水热特征参数对湿热迁移影响,建立了环境气候条件下季节性冻土区土壤冻融过程中湿热耦合作用模型.根据地表能量交换平衡原理推导出边界条件.依据实测数据回归分析出土壤湿热特征参数表达式.采用全隐式有限差分格式和TDMA迭代法对内蒙古锡林浩特地区冻结期间土壤湿热迁移规律进行了数值模拟.温度计算值和实测值比较一致,最大误差不超过2.5℃,说明该模型具有较高的准确性.利用该模型仅通过气象资料和湿热特征参数就可预测季冻区土壤冻胀和田间湿热分布状况并能够用来指导农田工程建设和农业生产.     

非连续变形分析（DDA）方法在高海拔高烈度地区公路边坡稳定性分析中的应用

分析了天山某公路边坡发育的工程地质特征,并结合高海拔高烈度地区公路冻融作用强烈的特征,引入了冻融折减系数,采用非连续变形分析(DDA)方法模拟了该段边坡变形破坏全过程。结果显示,在各种内外营力的综合作用下,目前该段边坡处于时效变形阶段,变形破坏主要集中于浅表部;DDA模拟结果表明,在天然状态下该段边坡处于基本稳定状态,但在地震工况及地震+冻融工况下易于发生浅表层的滑移式崩塌。结合以上边坡变形破坏特征,提出了采用清除坡表危岩+插别加固的综合治理措施。      

天然盐渍土冻融循环时水盐迁移规律及强度变化试验研究

通过对新疆喀什地区12处天然盐渍土室内基本性质试验分析,选取典型天然盐渍土,在开放系统中进行反复冻融循环条件下的试验研究。研究了天然盐渍土在多次冻融循环时的水分和盐分迁移规律及强度变化特征。试验结果表明:经多次冻融循环,低液限粘土试样水分重分布与盐分重分布有很大的一致性,水分和盐分自下而上迁移;试样粘聚力自下而上线形减小,内摩擦角呈s形分布。含砂低液限粘土试样冻融循环过程中,易溶盐均随水分向冷端面迁移,离子剖面呈现中间大两端小的趋势;试样粘聚力呈反s形分布,内摩擦角均呈s形分布。