Hazard Perception and the Urban Geographies of Place: Insights from New York City's Financial Executives Following 9/11

Theories of place have yet to be developed to explore societal responses to terrorism in the post-9/11 city. Urban geographers have shown the relevance of place for understanding the way people live in cities, including conceptualizations of the way people perceive those places. Geographers working on environmental risk have also conceptualized perception, but only in regard to hazard perception. They have not focused on the city itself as a hazard site, nor have they studied how the contours of place affect hazard perception. Joining urban geography and risk-hazards scholarship, this study argues for a terrorism-place nexus that links terrorism hazard perception to urban place. Using survey and interview data collected from 79 financial service executives in New York City, it will be shown that terrorism has created a place-based ontological dissonance among financial executives, and we speculate about the implications for the city should these workers restore ontological order by moving away their establishments.     

The Impact of 9/11 on the Geography of Financial Services in New York: A Few Years Later

An economic census and a survey of seventy-nine firms revealed a changing geography of financial services after 11 September 2001. Although the suburbs benefited from the outward relocation of financial services from Manhattan immediately afterward, they lost considerably two years later, demonstrating the interdependence of the central city and its suburbs. Executives of financial services firms ranked highly locational attributes such as prestige, public transportation, and proximity to clients and other financial services before 11 September, but terrorism also emerged as a major locational factor after 11 September. The impact of terrorism and how it interacts with agglomeration economies, technological changes, and globalization to shape the geography of financial services is examined under the framework of quaternary place theory.     

The continuity of Basque political violence: A geographical perspective on the legitimisation of violence

After twenty years of parliamentary democracy in Spain the Basque liberation movement ETA is still using violent methods. Considerable support for ETA has persisted in the Spanish Basque Country. Based on voting patterns in Euskadi the persistent support for ETA is studied. ETA support through voting for its political wing Herri Batasuna is concentrated in specific areas. Through ecological analysis the relative weight of cultural, socio-economic, demographic and locational factors in voting patterns is determined. At a local level particular cultural contexts reproduce support for violent separatism. The continuity of violence legitimisation is a Spanish Basque phenomenon as it is confined to the Basque-speaking parts of Spain. The small-size settlements of the Basque Country offer a context of social control which enables mass legitimisation of political violence.     

THE ARCHIVE THAT NEVER WAS: STATE TERROR AND HISTORICAL MEMORY IN GUATEMALA*

Between 1961 and 1996, more than 200,000 people in Guatemala lost their lives as a result of state‐orchestrated acts of terror denied still by the national security forces who committed them. A U.N. Truth Commission was repeatedly obstructed by army and police personnel from gaining access to official records, being told that no documentation of the type sought existed. Bureaucracies do not work that way, even ones with good reason to destroy or conceal evidence of an incriminating nature. It was nonetheless of startling import when an attorney working for Guatemala's Human Rights Office stumbled upon an archive recording the deeds of the National Police. Known now to contain an estimated 80 million documents, the Archivo Histórico de la Policía Nacional is a cabinet of atrocities that reveals conspiracy and complicity on the part of police officers engaged in a ghoulish network of surveillance, intimidation, abduction, torture, and murder.     

Manifestation of maritime piracy as an additional challenge for global conservation

Hostile acts against ships and mariners remain a global social and political phenomenon which usually reflects a high degree of socioeconomic vulnerability. The identification of the causes and driving factors behind the deteriorating maritime security has received considerable attention. However, their potential impact upon biodiversity conservation initiatives remains poorly evaluated. In the present study the spatial overlap between biodiversity hotspots and hotspots of hostile maritime acts are explored. The majority of such hostile acts occur in economically vulnerable countries, with the operation of their Marine Protected Areas largely depending on the revenue generated by visitors. Given that hostile maritime acts could cause financial losses and increase social and political instability, they could significantly alter conservation efficiency. Thus, it is critical to consider the way of incorporating maritime security risks into conservation agendas.     

Destabilizing the identity–territory nexus: Rights-based discourse in Sri Lanka’s new political geography

This paper describes the changing discourses of territory in Sri Lanka and their utility in conflict relations. The primordial homeland has been at the center of Sri Lanka’s armed struggle, in which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalisms have used claims of ancient and ethnically determined territories to justify their right to self-determination, territorial sovereignty, and armed struggle. This identity–territory nexus based on historical argument has been destabilized in Sri Lanka, however. Scholarly findings suggest that historical linkages between ethnicity and territory in Sri Lanka are highly problematic and are no longer effectual means for adjudicating territorial desires in Sri Lanka and producing stable homelands. I argue that rights-based territorial discourses have emerged to enhance the old historical justifications for territorial authority. New narratives based upon fulfilling or denying human rights have been put to work linking authority to territory based upon moral fitness and unfitness, political legitimacy and illegitimacy, and ultimately, upon which political actor deserves to rule the territorially bound population under its control. The first part of the paper examines historical narratives linking national homelands to identity as well as scholarly work that deconstructs this linkage. In part two, external sovereignty and political legitimacy are discussed as the starting point for understanding how rights-based discourses justify territorial claims. In part three, accusations related to human rights violations are described as an important vehicle for shaming political adversaries, undermining their legitimacy, and making and unmaking territorial claims in Sri Lanka.     

2001年地球物理学的一些进展

简要回顾了2001年地球物理学的一些进展。指出在用地球系统科学研究整个地球的结构、演化和动力学过程中，地球物理学作为地球科学中主要提供地球内部信息和资料的学科，将成为地球系统科学研究的一个重要内容。讨论了现在的地球和空间科学研究以及环境监到等地球物理技术在反恐怖活动以及在国家军事方面的重要意义及应用。在21世纪能源危机日益严重的情况下，中国急需进行油气资源的二次创业，而天然气水合物研究是能源研究的一个新方向。     

面向叙事结构的地理空间情报可视分析方法

以地理空间情报服务于反恐为需求牵引,采用全球恐怖主义数据库(GTD)为数据源,将时空叙事结构作为分析模型,以时间要素和空间要素作为线索,进行地理空间叙事,对事件和对象的多维属性进行可视化,借助多视图人机交互式分析方法和交互技术,构建了基于JavaScript的地理空间情报可视分析平台,并根据分析任务进行了案例分析,为基于活动的地理空间情报研究探索一条新的思路。     

带分类值排列算法的改进的Parallel Sets

针对分类型可视化工具Parallel Sets任意排列分类值产生较多交叉的不足,提出了基于中位数的启发式分类值排列算法,自动优化分类值布局顺序,减轻视图中的可视混乱,而后应用改进的Parallel Sets分析了全球恐怖主义数据库。实验结果表明,改进的Parallel Sets可清晰展现国际恐怖主义数据库中各分类值间的关联,从而辅助用户获取不同恐怖组织的行为特征等隐性信息;基于中位数的启发式分类值排列算法简单高效,适用于数据量较大、分类值较多的数据集。     

城市遭受恐怖袭击的风险评估模型研究

自美国"9·11"事件发生以来,全球恐怖主义活动日益频繁,已成为21世纪城市所面临的重大安全问题。目前,对城市恐怖主义的研究也变得越来越紧要。本文以模糊层次分析法为基础,构建城市遭受恐怖袭击的风险评估模型,分析城市遭恐怖袭击的可能程度,得到我国15个大城市遭受恐怖袭击的风险排序,并用专题图展示。