The international legal framework for marine spatial planning

Increasing demand for ocean resources, both living and non-living, have already lead to loss of biodiversity, habitat depletion and irreversible damage to the marine environment. Furthermore, introduction of new kinds of sea uses, spatial extension of ongoing sea uses and the need to better protect and conserve the marine biological diversity will result in increasing conflicts among the various users, as well as between the users and the environment. Marine spatial planning as a process to allocate space for specific uses can help to avoid user conflicts, to improve the management of marine spatial claims, and to sustain an ecosystem-based management of ocean and seas. This article explores the rights and duties towards exploitation and protection of the marine environment under the jurisdiction of coastal states as reflected in two important global conventions, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Convention on Biological Diversity. Both Conventions provide the main legal framework for marine spatial planning that have to be taken into account in planning at the regional and national level.     

Conclusions: Benefits, lessons learned, and future challenges of marine spatial planning

This article summarizes briefly the principal conclusions from papers presented in this special issue on marine spatial planning. It identifies potential economic, ecological, and administrative benefits (and costs) that might be realized from the implementation of MSP. Finally, the article summarize lessons learned and identifies future challenges and directions for MSP, including the development of international guidelines for its implementation.     

The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia: A new ecosystem-based zoning policy for marine management

The Marine Planning Framework for South Australia is a new large-scale, ecosystem-based zoning policy for management of development and use in the marine environment. Utilising the Geographic Information System (GIS), the model establishes four ecologically rated zones, derived from known ecological criteria. A series of goals, objectives and strategies represent the desired outcomes for each of the ecologically rated zones. A Performance Assessment System (PAS) will subsequently evaluate the success of the marine plans. Implementation will be supported by a collaborative whole-of-government approach. Marine plans will facilitate the delivery of long-term protection to the marine environment as a whole ecosystem, whilst enabling a broad range of activities to occur in a sustainable manner.     

Developing a building policy for the erosion zone: Solutions to some key (Dutch) questions

In those coastal communities where the most seaward strip of mainland consists of dunes, these dunes often serve as a flexible sea defence. In addition, this strip offers large potential for housing and commercial enterprises. Unfortunately, due to severe storm surges part of this strip (the erosion zone) is subject to erosion, and as a result of which any buildings or infrastructure located here, are destroyed. Therefore, as we will illustrate in this paper, a building policy for this zone should reflect a compromise between two opposite interests: exploitation of the existing potential and, prevention of an unacceptable high risk due to erosion. Accordingly, the authors have developed a framework for such a building policy on the basis of which the desirability of various different types of investments and the location within the erosion zone of such investments can be determined. The examples that are used to illustrate this framework in this paper are limited to experiences in The Netherlands as relevant data and experiences are available and relatively easy accessible here. Nevertheless, the approach as is described is generic and applicable worldwide suggesting that the discovered unused potential for exploitation is not just limited to The Netherlands.     

武汉市城乡规划动态监管信息系统的设计与开发

介绍了武汉市城乡动态监管信息系统建设的基本思路和技术构架,分析了系统功能划分、数据库设计、网络与安全体系建设等问题,对遥感技术、GPS技术以及信息资源整合技术在项目建设中的应用进行了讨论。     

乡村振兴规划的性质及其体系构建探讨

实施乡村振兴战略是解决中国新时代社会主要矛盾的必然要求,关系着国家现代化的成败。落实乡村振兴战略需要建立科学合理的乡村振兴规划体系,统筹协调和优化配置城乡要素资源。论文基于地理学综合视角,深入分析乡村概念内涵与乡村发展的基本特征,总结乡村振兴规划的基本性质与存在的主要问题,初步构建了乡村振兴规划体系框架。结果表明：① 乡村包含社会文化、政治经济和地理空间多重属性,具有生产、生活、生态、文化等多功能,乡村振兴发展是乡村资源开发利用、经济社会发展和自然人文耦合的综合过程;② 乡村系统具有要素分散性和发展自组织性、空间异质性和类型多样性、对区域和城市依赖性与产业发展受自然因素强限制的基本特征;③ 乡村振兴规划是对乡村空间要素资源配置的统筹协调过程,其本质是以促进公平为导向的规划,应更加强调规划参与过程及其统筹协调能力;④ 当前中国乡村规划尚未形成完整体系,缺少法律基础,规划技术理论发展较滞后,规划边界模糊、规划深度不够,规划实施保障机制不健全;⑤ 基于上述理论和问题分析,构建了包含主体规划系统、制度保障系统、技术支持系统、多规协调系统和参与反馈系统的“五位一体”乡村振兴规划体系。该体系可以高效配置乡村要素资源,促进城乡融合发展,有利于形成规划合力,增强乡村振兴规划的权威性、可行性和实用性。     

新世纪版《国家普通地图集》的内容策划与结构设计

新世纪版《国家普通地图集》是国家科技基础性工作专项《国家大地图集》系列编研项目之一,它以相对平衡的程度详细表示了水系、地貌、居民地、交通、境界、土质植被等基础地理要素的空间分布。为了适应生态文明建设和新型城镇化发展的要求,增设了地表覆盖图组和城市图组,构建了普通地图集的新型结构模式,本文主要对地图集的编研理论与内容策划、选题原则与顾及因素、结构设计与图幅编排进行了探讨和研究。     

Faith and Doubt in an American Working Landscape: The Importance of Scale,Work, and Place in Rural Development Planning

The term “working landscape” (WL) is increasingly used by American planners and policy makers to describe the rural places and livelihoods they aim to shape. This paper draws from a mixed-methods study of WL language as a collective action frame in the state of Vermont, where WL has been formalized into policy. Natural resource leaders and professionals share a common definition of WL that is supported by four key beliefs. However, interviews conducted in two representative farming communities suggest that landuse practitioners have not adopted WL language, and in some cases are skeptical of its meaning. The analysis explores potential explanations for the failure of the WL collective action frame to resonate across scales. The paper argues for a bottom-up planning approach that produces working landscapes policies that allow for diverse forms of work and accommodate the specificities of place.     

地域功能-结构的空间组织途径——对国土空间规划实施主体功能区战略的讨论

地域功能-结构的空间组织规律是人地系统耦合研究的基本理论问题,也是开展国土空间规划、塑造可持续地理格局的基础理论。从地理学对地理过程的重复、预测、调控、优化的讨论入手,阐释了空间治理体系是现代地理学用于调控和优化可持续地理过程与格局的重要途径。采用生态-生活-生产等三生空间构成的地域功能空间结构呈现的时空演变特征,表达了地域功能-结构的空间有序性法则,阐释了地域功能与自然地理环境相协调、同一地域单元各类功能及不同单元之间冲突最小化、地域功能在不同空间尺度有效传导、以及长时间尺度综合效益最大化等空间组织目标。从可持续性出发,建立自然要素的资源、环境、生态和灾害四大属性的概念,并通过四大属性集成构成自然承载力,分析承载力的原值、余量和潜力在空间规划中的作用,形成自下而上解析空间组织的基本方法。从新空间均衡出发,基于承载力、融入位置和空间结构参量后构成的地域功能适宜性,形成自上而下解析空间组织的基本方法。进而讨论了集成两种方法形成的主体功能区具备的对空间组织与规划的基础价值和战略价值,提出主体功能区的区划、战略、制度和规划用途分离及相互关联的新思路。以实施主体功能区战略为主线、以空间降尺度传导主体功能为核心科学问题、以关键约束参数为空间结构控制性指标,讨论了数据库与地域功能谱系、功能和尺度依赖的承载力评价方法与模型库、“三区三线”的建构框架,论证了空间规划实施主体功能区战略的途径,提出地理学应着力加强大、中空间尺度（区域性）国土空间规划基础理论和方法、强化技术等科技支撑体系建设的建议。     

国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线备选区的识别

水源涵养功能重要性是生态保护红线划分工作中重要的评价指标之一。通过对以往生态系统水源涵养功能区划分的指标及其区域导向的系统梳理,在进一步明晰国土空间规划中水源涵养功能生态保护红线区域指向的基础上,按照国土空间规划关于“三区三线”自下而上试划的要求,探讨了水源涵养重要性生态保护红线划分及其评价的改进方法。选取中国典型喀斯特区域六盘水市作为研究案例区,分别用环保部2015版与2017版《生态保护红线划定技术指南》中的模型法、NPP法以及本研究提出的改进方法,对六盘水市水源涵养功能生态保护红线进行了试划。对比三种方法的划定结果可以看出,改进方法因评价数据精度的提高减少了《生态保护红线划定技术指南》方法的区域损失,提高了区域判别的精准性,可望为国土空间规划中生态保护红线的划定提供科学依据。