生态补偿的地理学特征及内涵研究

地理学以环境-社会-人类动态的综合思维,以区域综合、区域间的相互关系、尺度间的相互转换等系统研究地球表层的性质和运动规律,“人-地”地域系统是其研究核心。生态补偿是一个典型的地理学研究命题,具有“人-地”地域系统的半开放性、非稳定性以及或然性特征。本文分析了生态补偿作为地理学研究命题的一般特征及其内涵。对于生态补偿是一个地理学研究命题的判断,依据在于自然地域系统厘定了生态补偿参与主体的基本关系、经济地理格局决定了生态补偿的空间差异、地域人文环境影响了生态补偿政策的制定及其补偿形式、地理学方法为生态补偿提供了技术与平台。区域是解读生态补偿问题的突破口,区域结构是制定生态补偿政策的重要参考、区域发展外部性是开展生态补偿的科学依据、地理要素资源的区域权属是确定生态补偿主客体的依据,生态补偿研究具有“区域-差异-尺度”的地理学分析范式。生态补偿的地理学特征表现在区域性、差异性、综合性、动态性等方面。     

Problematising justice definitions in public food security debates: Towards global and participative food justices

In the current environment of austerity, social justice concerns are increasingly permeating the food security agenda. However, there is a need to clarify what it means to create socially just food systems conceptually and practically. To address this gap, this paper proposes an analytical framework to embed a more complex conceptualisation of justice in food security debates that also serves as a bridging device across competing narratives. This framework is mobilised to analyse the framing process of the UK media, which plays a key role in developing narratives that provide audiences with schemas for interpreting events. Results show the emergence of eleven frames which highlight different solutions to deliver food security. The application of the justice analytical framework evidences the contingent relationship between food security and justice claims and discusses how these food security frames address differently what counts as a matter of justice (including economic, socio-cultural and political dimensions) and who counts as a subject of justice, tackling issues around delimitation of scales and sites of justice. The analysis reveals polarised positions between whether the sites subject to justice should be individuals or structures and uncovers how political and global elements of justice are largely by-passed in food security debates. These conceptualisations of justice and associated policy recommendations neglect the potential for people to participate fully in the conditions and decisions that give rise to particular distributions of goods and bads in the first place; limiting the construction of shared responsibilities to deliver global and participative food justices.     

加强国土资源综合调查评价的战略构想

分析了加强国土资源综合调查评价的目的和意义,探讨了中国国土资源调查评价中存在的突出问题。在对国际经验和国内探索实践进行对比分析的基础上,提出了加强中国国土资源综合调查评价的战略构想,即先易后难,循序推进;综合权衡,选准切入口。     

基于凸壳构造技术的领海基点选取问题研究

领海基点的选取数量及其空间点位分布的不同,对海域划界结果有着重要的影响.在传统的领海基点选取工作中缺乏一种有效的用于检验选取方案优劣的数学模型,因而这一工作中存在着不确定性因素.为了解决这个问题,提出了利用最小凸包(凸壳)构造技术实现领海基点最优选取的思路和方法,并在此基础上对某群岛的领海基点选取方案作了实例分析.     

Amplifying (or Reversing) the Territorial Disparities in Land Vulnerability to Soil Degradation: The Case of Italy

This article analyzes the territorial disparities in the level of land vulnerability (TDLV) to soil degradation caused by five processes (soil erosion, salinization, sealing, contamination, and compaction) as well as by climate variations in Italy in 1990 and 2000. The analysis reveals, for each soil degradation process, a typical spatial distribution across Italy. Three processes (soil salinization, compaction, and sealing) contribute significantly to the increase in land vulnerability, which is mainly concentrated in risky areas. The observed disparities highlight a growing environmental divide between northern Italy (an economically developed region, not at risk of desertification) and southern Italy and the two main islands (dry, disadvantaged regions at risk of desertification). The knowledge of such a territorial divide and of the underlying soil degradation processes is regarded as important for environmental policies at the country and regional scales aimed at sustaining the economic and socioenvironmental cohesion between areas that are either vulnerable or nonvulnerable to soil degradation. The proposed approach should be seen as part of a decision-making tool informing policies and supporting the design of management solutions, hopefully reversing disparities in land vulnerability to soil degradation.     

Applying the Political Geography of Scale: Grassroots Strategies and Environmental Justice

The grassroots environmental movement often protests locally unwanted land uses. Many grassroots groups have, however, expanded their agenda to the scale of environmental justice. Explanations for this scale transformation include historical circumstances, individuals' radicalization through activism, and the growth of environmental justice networks. This case study, grassroots environmentalists' opposition to a proposed electricity transmission line in Monroe County, WV, explores another explanation: appeals for environmental justice are also a strategic response to siting regulatory procedures. With concepts emerging from the political geography of scale, I interpret the Monroe Countians' efforts and show how their strategies link the grassroots scale with that of environmental justice.     

Spatial Scale and Population Assignment Choices in Environmental Justice Analyses 1

Abstract

Environmental justice laws protect certain populations against discriminatory actions that may result from a myriad of enterprises, including transportation activities. Previous environmental equity studies examining the effects of transportation-engendered externalities have been criticized on several points, including (1) that the choice of a reference population for comparison to the criterion variable may influence the outcome of research results and (2) that the selection and use of inappropriate methodologies intended to identify and characterize populations may foreordain research outcomes. This article examines the potentially confounding effects of selected spatial scale and population assignment strategies as applied to a study of excessive noise levels at a large Midwestern airport, finding that reported outcomes can vary significantly as a function of methodological choices.     

Research Note: Neighborhoods as Territorial Units: The Case of Tel Aviv-Jaffa

This paper suggests a GIS-based methodology for the investigation of the extent to which the inhabitants of a representative sample of city residents perceives itself as living in socially constituted neighborhood territories. We ask residents about the relevancy of the neighborhood as a social unit and to delineate their neighborhood boundaries. We then define these delineations as polygons in GIS, measuring the tendency of neighbors to define merging territorial bases for their neighborhoods. Three possible patterns are identified: (1) lack of perceived boundaries resulting from the irrelevancy of the neighborhood, (2) personal senses of localities that do not merge into communal territories by immediate neighbors—in this case we conclude that residents experience some sense of locality but they do not share any common sense of neighborhood—and (3) the tendency of residents' delineations to merge with those of their neighbors demonstrating, by thus, the social constitution of communal sense of neighborhood. We conclude that in most of the city the neighborhood is marginally relevant with only several areas, located in the outer ring of the city, presenting a coherent territorial sense of neighborhood.     

Pretend Participation: Procedural Injustices in the Madeira Hydroelectric Complex

Energy infrastructure projects have long been associated with a lack of participation by impacted, local populations—this history is evident in the case of hydropower projects in the Global South. Ever since the World Commission on Dams’ Report (WCD 2000), there has been substantive evidence, and numerous recommendations, that have called on governments, financial agencies and construction companies to increase community engagement and participation in dam construction and in their governance thereafter. Further, community groups, activists, and scholars have long articulated the need for participatory governance in energy projects. In this analysis, we evaluate participation in institutionalized mechanisms provided by dam builders—such as public meetings and negotiations—in Brazil’s Madeira hydroelectric complex. We evaluate how perceptions of positive and negative impacts, among other factors, predict engagement, estimating a series of logit models based on a social survey of 673 households carried out in 2019/20. Perceptions of negative and positive impacts of the dams before construction are related to participation in the meetings promoted by dam builders. Yet our results also imply that participation was rare, fleeting, and insufficient and points to the need to ensure community engagement and governance to ensure energy justice in future dam projects in Brazil and elsewhere.     

Are managed retreat programs successful and just? A global mapping of success typologies,justice dimensions,and trade-offs

As managed retreat programs expand across the globe, there is an urgent need to assess whether these programs are reducing exposure to climatic hazards, enhancing adaptive capacity, and improving the living conditions of communities in a just and equitable manner or are they exacerbating existing risks and vulnerabilities? Strictly speaking, are retreat programs successful? Using an expansive intersectional justice approach to examine 138 post-resettlement case studies published between 2000 and 2021 across the Global North and South, we identified five typologies of success – techno-managerial, eco-restorative, compensatory, reformative, and transformative – and their trade-offs and synergies. Our meta-analysis incorporated a variety of metrics: relocation types, funding, decision making, socio-economic class, land use change, livelihood options, and social impacts. We found 26% of cases failed, 43% were successful, and 30% are on-going and therefore success was undetermined. The techno-managerial cases, while successful in the limited terms of relocating residents, paid little attention to equity and justice. The eco-restorative and compensatory cases reduced hazard exposure but revealed the synergies and tensions associated with social, ecological, and intergenerational justice. The reformative and transformative cases improved community wellbeing, rootedness, and access to livelihoods while incorporating diverse justice concerns to different degrees. By intersecting these typologies with multiple dimensions of justice, this study advances a novel planning and analytical tool for assessing the potential success or failure of current and future retreat programs.